Bibheetakee/Wibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica)
Bibheetakee/Wibheetakee
(Terminalia bellerica)
Introduction
Known by various
epithets, Bibheetakee/Wihbeetakee has been used for centuries as medicine in
Ayurveda. Though it is not chewed or consumed like Aamalakee (Emblica
officinalis) on day to day basis, the fruit of Bibheetakee is a very important
ingredient of the world famous balanced rasaayana (rejuvenator/ adaptogenic)
formulation: Triphalaa (three fruits)
Also known as Bheetaa
meaning fear, Wibheetaa meaning lack of fear and Wibheetakee meaning fearless
or the fruit that takes away the fear of diseases. The Hindi name Bibheetakee
is the corrupt version of original Sanskrit name Wibheetakee as ‘wa’ is usually
pronounced as ‘ba’ in Hindi. As the name Bibheetakee is more popular and in
common use than Wibheetakee, the author has decided to use the same name,
Bibheetakee. [1], [2]
The large deciduous
tree is growing widely distributed throughout Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka
and on plains and lower hills in Southeast Asia. In some states of India it is
also grown as avenue tree.
In Ayurveda Bibheetake
is also known as Wibheetakee or Wibheetaka or Wibheeta meaning fearless. This
tree is avoided by Hindus of Northern India, who will not sit under its shade,
as it is supposed to be inhabited by demons. However by some tribes/folks the
tree is considered sacred and they never cut it down because of the belief that
the deity Shaneeshwara resides in it. In India two varieties of Bibheetakee are
found, one with nearly globular fruit, 1/2 to 3/4 inch diameter, the other with
ovate and much larger fruit. Though the pulp of the fruit is generally employed
for medicinal purposes, the kernel is sometimes used for an external
application to inflamed parts. According to the Nighantus the kernels are
narcotic. The kernels are eaten by the Lodha people of India for their
mind-altering qualities. [3]
On account of its
medicinal properties the herb bears its epithet Anil-ghnaka or
“wind-killing”. [4]
The nuts of the tree
are rounded with five flatter sides. It is said that the nuts were used as dice
in the epic poem Mahaabhaarata. A handful of nuts are cast on a gaming board
and the players would have to call whether an odd or even number of nuts had
been thrown. [5], [6], [7]
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) was introduced to
Arabs by Indians. Till the influence of Arabian medicine prevailed Bibheetakee
(Terminalia bellerica) was used as
medicine in Europe. [8]
Other
Names
Taxonomic Names: Terminalia
bellerica
(Gaertn.) Roxb, Myrobalanus bellerica Gaertn., Myrobalanus
laurinoides Kuntze, Terminalia angustifolia Blanco, non Jacq, Terminalia
attenuata Edgew, Terminalia edulis Blanco, Terminalia moluccana Roxb,
Terminalia punctata Roth
Sanskrit: Aksha,
Akshaka, Bahuweerya, Bhbheetaka, Bibheetakee, Kalidruma, Karsha,
Karshaphala, Kaasaghna, Wibheetaka, Wibheeta, Wibheetakee
English: Bastard
myrobalan, Beach almond, Behere, Belleric Myrobalan,
Arabic: Baleelaj
Assamese:
Bauri, Bha ira, Bho ira, Bho mora, Bhomra,
Bengali: Baheda,
Bayada, Bhayra, Baida, Baheraa,
Farsi: Baleel
French: Myrobalan
belleric
Garo: Agong,
Balbdok, Bol chirore, Bol churi, Churi
German: Baherabaum, Belerische,
Myrobalane
Gujarati: Bahedan, Veheda, Beda
Gujarati: Bahedan, Veheda, Beda
Hindi: Bahera,
Baheda, Bahirda, Bhaira, Bohera, Wibheetaka
Japanese: Taaminaria
beririka
Kannada: Shanti, Shanti
kayi, Tarekai, Thani, Thare, Tode
Kashmiri: Babelo,
Balali
Konkanee: Goting
Lao: Heen,
Kieng dam
Malay: Jaha,
Jaha kebo
Malayalam: Tannikka,
Admarutha, Taanni, Thani, Tusham
Marathi: Behada,
Beheda, Beda, Berda, Kalidruma, Vehala
Nepalese: Barro
Oriya: Baheda
Persian: Balelaj
Punjabi: Bahera,
Bayrah
Russian: Terminaliia
belericheskaia
Tamil: Thanrikkai,
Todikai, Thanakkai, Tanri, Tani
Telugu: Thanikkaya,
Tanikaya, Taadi
Thai: Samo
phi phek
Tibetan: Ba
ru ra
Urdu: Bahera,
Balela
Vietnamese: Bang
hoi, Bang moc, Nhut [9], [10], [11], [12], [13]
Taxonomic
Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(Unranked): Angiosperm
(Unranked): Eudicots
(Unranked): Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Division: Magnoliphyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Genus:
Terminalia
Species:
bellerica
The botanical basionym (the original name on which the new name is based) of Bibheetakee is Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn.
William Roxburgh transferred Myrobalanus bellirica to Terminalia
bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Though this spelling error is widely used, it
causes confusion. The correct taxonomical name is Terminalia bellerica
(Gaertn.) Roxb. [14], [15]
Geographical
distribution
This deciduous plant
grows wild throughout Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka and South East Asia. It
grows in a wide variety of ecologies such as plains, hills and forests up to
1000 to 1200 meters in elevation. In India the tree is found in abundance in
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. [16], [17]
Plant
Morphology
Tree Trunk
Leaves Flowers
Fruits Seeds
Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica)
Macroscopic
Characteristics
Trunk
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) is a large
deciduous tree, 20 - 40 meter tall, 2-3 meter in girth, bole or trunk
cylindrical, straight, reddish brown in color, often buttressed when large;
bark 10-20 mm thick, blackish grey, smooth, longitudinally shallowly fissured,
yellowish inside, young branches thick, initially densely pubescent, sympodial
(a specialized lateral growth pattern); branchlets terete (cylindrical), thinly
fulvous (reddish yellow), hairy; leaf scars prominent.
Leaves
Leaves about 15 cm
long, 2-10 cm broad, thin- coriaceous (leathery), eglandular, crowded around
the end of branchlets, alternately or spirally arranged, elliptic or obovate,
rounded to cuneate (wedge shaped) at base, rounded or obtuse or more rarely
acuminate at apex; margins entire, rounded or sub acute tip, midrib prominent,
pubescent when young and becoming glabrous with maturity; lateral nerves 7-10
pairs, pinnate, prominent; petiole 2-5 cm long, stout, slightly grooved above,
glabrous.
Flowers
Flowers (really
inflorescence) are pale greenish yellow with offensive odor; bisexual; sessile;
borne in axillary spikes longer than the petiole but shorter than leaves, 3-5
cm long, 6-7 mm across with distinct 5 lobed villous disc; peduncle puberulous
(covered with soft hair); bracteoles 0.5-2 mm long, linear-lanceolate, caduceus
(shedding off easily); petals absent; calyx tube 2-2.5 mm long, 0.5-2 mm broad,
rusty, pubescent outside; corolla absent; stamens 10; ovary inferior,
unilocular, tomentose, one celled, ovules 2-3, pendulous; style 4 mm; stigma
small.
Fruit
The fruits are ovoid
grey drupes, green and inflated when young and yellowish and shrunken when
mature, resemble Hareetakee (Terminalia
chebula) fruit but are not ridged, 2-3.5 cm long and 3 cm across, densely
and finely pubescent, obscurely 5- angled when dried, suddenly narrowing into a
very short stalk; exocarp hard, endocarp sclerenchymatous.
Seed
One seed, ellipsoid, 2
cm in size, called bedda nuts [20], [21], [22]
Microscopic
Cracteristics
Leaf
The transverse section
of leaf shows presence of upper and lower epidermis. The epidermis is covered
with a single layer of cuticle, unicellular trichomes present. The vascular
bundle is surrounded by 3-5 layers of cortex; xylem lignified, phloem
non-lignified; the pith made up of large cells; cluster and rosette crystals of
calcium oxalate and granules of starch are also present.
Stem
The transverse section
of stem shows that the stem is angled; on maturation each goes deep
inside forming sharp pointed projection and single layer of epidermis; cortex
narrow, cambium and endodermis surrounded by medullary rays inside vascular
tissue; proto xylem and meta xylem are centrally located on phloem. [23]
Fruit
The transverse section
of fruit shows an outer epicarp consisting of a layer epidermis, the epidermal
cells elongate to form hair like protuberance with swollen base, composed of a
zone of parenchymatous cells arranged irregularly, intermingle with stone cells
varying in shapes and sizes, spherical in the inner zone and elongated towards
the periphery of mesocarp; mesocarp traversed in various directions by numerous
vascular strands, endarch, simple starch grains and some stone cells found in
most of mesocarp cells, few peripheral layers devoid of starch grains, rosettes
of calcium oxalate and stone cells present in parenchymatous cells, endosperm
composed of stone cells running longitudinally and transversely. [24]
Powder
The crude powder green
in color; cluster and rosette of calcium oxalate crystals; trichome and xylem
present. The powder of stem brown in color containing scalariform xylem
vessels, unicellular trichome, cluster and rosette crystals. [25]
Parts
used
Fruit, bark, leaves,
seeds
Phytochemistry
The phytochemicals
found in Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) are:
Gallic acid, ellagic
acid, gallo-tannic acid, chebulagic acid, tannins, ethyl gallate, galloyl
glucose, glucose, fructose, rhamnose 6, mannitol, galactose, protein,
fatty acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linolic acid, glucoside
(bellericanin), lignans (termilignana and thanni lignan), anolignan, 7-hydroxy 3
4 (methylene dioxy) flavones, flavonoids, coumarines, phenyllemblin, β
sitosterol, phytosterols, phenols and a new triterpene, the belleric
acid. [26], [27], [28]
The
kernels contain 35% protein and 40% edible oil and anti-nutritional factors.
Palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid are majority fatty acids found in
kernel oil. Antinutritional factors are substances that when present in animal
food or water reduce the availability of nutrients. In an experimental study
feeding diet containing Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) kernel to rats, mice and chicken resulted in low food intake and
death in all three species due to the anti-nutritional factors in the kernel.
[29]
Phytochemicals
present in various parts of the plant
|
Sr.No.
|
Phytochemicals
|
Parts
|
|
1.
|
Alkaloids, Coumarin, Flavones
|
Seeds, Leaves, Whole
Plant
|
|
2.
|
Steroids:
β-Sitosterol
|
Leaves, Aerial Parts
|
|
3.
|
Lignans: Termilignan,
Thannilignan, Hydroxyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy) flavones, Anolignan
|
Fruits
|
|
4.
|
Tannins: Gallic acid,
Ellagic acid, Methyl gallate, Ethyl gallate, Chebulagic acid, Chebulaginic
acid, Hexahydroxydiphenic acid ester
|
Fruits
|
|
5.
|
Glycosides:
D-glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Galactose and Mannose
|
Seeds, Fruits
|
|
6.
|
Terpenoids: Belliric
acid and Chebulagic acid
|
Fruits
|
|
7.
|
Saponins:
Bellericoside and Belliricanin
|
Fruits
|
[30]
Identity,
Purity and Strength
(1)
Foreign
matter: Not more than 2 per cent
Total
Ash: Not more than 7 per cent
Acid-insoluble
ash: Not more than 1 per cent
Alcohol-soluble
extractive: Not less than 8 per cent
Water-soluble
extractive: Not less than 35 per cent [31]
(2)
Standards accepted by I. P. in 2010
Foreign
organic matter: Not more than 2 per cent.
Ethanol-soluble
extractive: Not less than 25 per cent.
Water-soluble
extractive: Not less than 35 per
Total
Ash: Not more than 8 per cent.
Acid-insoluble
ash: Not more than 2 per cent.
Heavy
metals: 1.0 g complies with the limit test for heavy
metals.
Loss
on drying: Not more than 12.0 per cent,
determined on 5 g by drying in an oven at 105°.
Microbial
contamination: Complies with the microbial
contamination tests.
Assay--Determine
by liquid chromatography (2.4.14). [32]
Cytological
Identity
Chromosome count
in Terminalia bellerica (Gartn) Roxb is 9 [33]
Genetic
Identity
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) tree is over
exploited for its medicinal value leading to chances of adulteration. Therefore
the genetic identity of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) becomes imperative. Recently by using Amplified Fragment Length
Polymorphism (AFLP), Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Polymorphism (ISSRP) and
Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) methods the exact genetic
identity of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) is established. [34]
Safety
Tests
No safety data for each
specific species of herb is available. Here are general guidelines:
Heavy
Metals:
Arsenic:
Not more than 5.0 mg/kg
Mercury: Not more
than 0.5mg/kg
Lead: Not more
than 10.0 mg/kg
Chromium: Not more
than 0.3 mg/kg
Microbial
Limits:
Total
bacterial count: Not more than 105cfu/g
Total
yeast and mould count:
Not more than 104cfu/g
Bile
tolerant gram negative bacteria: Not more than 104cfu/g
Specific
Pathogens:
Salmonella
spp: Absent
in 25 g
Escherichia
coli: Absent in 1g
Staphylococcus
aureus: Absent in
1g
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa: Absent in
1g [35]
Properties
and Pharmacology
Ayurvedic
properties
Ganas
(Classical Catagories)
Charaka:
Jwarahara
Warga: Antipyretic group
Kaasahara
Warga : Antitussive group
Virechanopaga
Warga: Laxative group
Sushruta
and Waagbhata:
Mustaadi
Warga: Mustaadi group of herbs
Energetics
Rasa
(Taste): Kashaya (Astringent)
Weerya/
Virya (Energy State): Ushna (Hot)
Wipaaka/
Vipak (End result, Post digestive effect): Madhura
(Sweet)
Prabhaawa/Prabhav(Special
Effect, Prominent Effect): Tridoshghna
Note: Here I
wish to clarify the meaning of these technical words:
Virya
(Weerya): Potency, power, vigor
Vipak
(Wipaak): After digestion change of taste. The food we
take is acted upon by jatharagni (digestive activity) and the taste of the food
changes. The original rasa (taste) changes to vipak (new or same taste.)
Prabhav
(Prabhaawa): Effect, prominent, peculiar or
special action of an herb; innate and specific property.
Gunas
(Qualities):Rooksha (Dry), Laghu (Light), Bhedana
(Laxative), Kaasaghna (Antitussive, expectorant), Netrya (Beneficial to eyes),
Keshya (Beneficial to hair), Krumighna (Anhelmintic)
Rasayana: Rejuvenator
Balya: Tonic
Balya: Tonic
Sara: Laxative
Krumighna: Anthelmintic
Kaasaghna: Antitussive,
expectorant
According to Ayurvedic
scholars, though Bibheetakee is a strong laxative, being astringent will
cleanse and impart tone to the bowels. Although ushna (heating) in character
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica)
does not vitiate Pitta
Effects
on Doshas: Kapha, will not vitiate pitta
Effects
on Dhatus (Systems and tissues): Rakta
(Blood), Rasa (Lymph), Mansa (Muscles), Meda (Fatty tissue), Asthi (Bones),
Nervous, Respiratory, Digestive, excretory Systems. [36]
Modern
View
Ethyl
gallate
Molecular
formula: C9H10O5
Strustural
formula:
Ethyl gallate is the ethyl
ester of gallic acid. It is produced from gallic acid and ethanol. It is found
in Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula, walnuts and in a
variety of plants and in wine. Ethyl gallate exerts anti-inflammatory effect.
It is added to various processed foods as an antioxidant. [37]
Hypotension is
associated with septic shock. To maintain tissue perfusion vasopressor therapy
is required. Recently it is discovered that the nonflavonoid phenolic
antioxidant ethyl gallate could reverse hypotension due to septic shock in
experimental animal model. [38]
In sepsis lysozyme-s
released by leucocytes is responsible to produce vasodilatation via
H2O2 dependent pathways. Antioxidant activity of ethyl gallate by
scavenging H2O2 counter the vasodilatation and hence the hypotension
produced by lysozyme-s in septic shock. [39]
In one study ethyl
gallate induced morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and reduced HL-60 cell
viability in a dose and time dependent manner. This apoptosis occurred through
mitochondrial pathway, apoptosis inducing factor, endonulease G as well
as the upregulation of Bcl-2 associated x protein and activation of the death
receptor dependent pathway of apoptosis . [40]
In an experimental
study methyl and ethyl gallate caused relaxation of guinea pig trachea
pre-contracted by histamine. This effect was mediated through activation of
Ca2+ and K+ channels. [41]
Toxicology
of Ethyl gallate
In industrial
workers, repeated contact or exposure to ethyl gallate may cause dryness and
cracking of the skin, watering of the eyes. The inhaled material does not cause
irritation of the respiratory tract but may cause sensitization reaction in
some persons. Long term exposure to high dust concentrations may cause
pneumoconiosis. [42]
Penta-Galloyl glucose
Molecular
formula: C41H32O26
Structural
formula:
Pentagalloyl glucose is
the gallic acid ester of glucose. It is the common precursor of gallotannins.
It can precipitate proteins including human salivary α- amylase.
Pentagalloyl glucose
may be used in radioprotection. [43]
By anti-oxidant,
pro-apoptosis, anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis,
anti-mutagenic and inhibition of P-glycoprotein activities Pentagalloyl glucose
(PGG) exhibits anti-cancer activity against lung cancer, breast cancer,
prostate cancer and sarcoma. However whether anticancer activity of
Pentagalloyl glucose is its direct action or is mediated through its
metabolites is unclear.
PGG exhibits insulin
mimicking and anti-adepogenesis activity. PGG exhibits anti-inflammatory,
anti-allergy, hypo-lipidemic activity. PGG which inhibits gastric acid
secretion is used to treat gastritis and peptic ulcer. PGG stabilizes arterial
elastin that prevents development of aneurysm and collagen that prevents
wrinkling of the skin. PGG protects myocardium and prevents intravascular
clotting of the blood. It shows anticonvulsant and anti-lithiasis actions. It
inhibits HBV DNA replication and thus shows anti HBV activity. [44]
Rhamnose
6
Molecular
formula: C6H12O5
Structural
formula:
Rhamnose (Rham is a
naturally occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl
pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Most of the naturally occurring sugars are in
Dextro form but Rhamnose occurs in Levo form (L-form).
Rhamnose is a component
of the cell membrane of acid fast bacteria in the genus
Mycobacterium.
L-Rhamnose is used in
anti-wrinkle creams. [45]
Recently D-Rhamnose has
been synthesized. [46]
Rhamnose stimulates
cell proliferation, decreases elastase-type activity, stimulates collagen
biosynthesis, and protects hyaloronan against free radical mediated
degeneration. The reactions are mediated through α-L-rhamnose recognizing
lectin-site acting as a receptor, transmitting signals to the cell-interior.
[47]
L-rhamnose is a non
absorbable sugar. It produces flatulence. It reduces triglyceride levels but
does not reduce total cholesterol levels. [48]
Medicinal
Properties of Various Parts of Behadaa (Terminalia
bellerica)
|
No.
|
Pharmacological Activity
|
Plant Part
|
Nature of Extract
|
|
1
|
Antipyretic
|
Fruit
|
Aqueous/Alcoholic
|
|
2
|
Skin and Hair care
|
Seed
|
Seed oil
|
|
3
|
Wound healing
|
Fruit
|
Fruit paste
|
|
4
|
Antioxidant
|
Fruit
|
Methanolic
|
|
5
|
Anti-inflammatory
|
Whole plant
|
Aqueous
|
|
6
|
Immunomodulatory
|
Bark
|
Ethanolic
|
|
7
|
Antimicrobial,
Anti-Salmonella
|
Fruit
|
Aqueous/Alcoholic
|
|
8
|
Β-lactamase
inhibition
|
Whole plant
|
Methanolic
|
|
9
|
Anti-viral
|
Fruit rind
|
Methanolic
|
|
10
|
Antifungal
|
Fruit
|
Ethanolic
|
|
11
|
Anti-protozoal
|
Fruit rind
|
Methanolic
|
|
12
|
Anthelmintic
|
Fruit
|
Aqueous/Ethanolic
|
|
13
|
Analgesic
|
Fruit
|
Aqueous/Methanolic
|
|
14
|
Antidepressant
|
Fruit
|
Aqueous/Alcoholic
|
|
15
|
Anti-thrombotic,
Thrombolytic
|
Fruit
|
Aqueous/Alcoholic
|
|
16
|
Anti-Hypertensive
|
Fruit
|
Aqueous
|
|
17
|
Angiogenic
|
Leaf
|
Ethanolic
|
|
18
|
Bronchodilator
|
Fruit
|
Aqueous/Methanolic
|
|
19
|
Anti-peptic ulcer
|
Fruit
|
Ethanolic
|
|
20
|
Anti-diarrheal
|
Fruit pulp
|
Aqueous/Alcoholic
|
|
21
|
Hepatoprotective
|
Fruit
|
Methanolic
|
|
22
|
Metabolic disorders
|
Whole Plant
|
Hydro-Alcoholic
|
|
23
|
Pancreas
|
Whole plant
|
Aqueous
|
|
24
|
Anti-diabetic
|
Fruit
|
Hexane, Ethyl
acetate, Methanolic
|
|
25
|
Ant-Urolithiasis
|
Fruit
|
Methanolic
|
|
26
|
Anti-androgenic,
Anti-malefertility, Anti-spermatogenesis
|
Fruit, Bark
|
Benzene, Ethanolic
|
|
27
|
Anti-pregnancy
|
Bark
|
Ethanolic
|
|
28
|
Anti-tumor,
Anti-cancer
|
Whole Plant, Fruit
|
Ethylacetate,
n-butanol
|
Some
testimonials from modern research
General
Pharmacology
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) can induce
chromosomal aberrations which are proportional to the concentration and
duration of treatment. Several genetic deformities were noticed in
bio-organisms following Terminalia
bellerica administration which were said to be non harmful. [49]
Kernel oil of Bibheetakee
(Terminalia bellerica) is a good
source of linolic acid. The antinutrients found in oil interfere with the
absorption of proximate principles but do not interfere with absorption of
calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. [50]
Actions
on the Skin
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) is useful for skin
diseases. [51]
The extract of seeds of
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) is
good for hair dyeing preparations. The oil of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) is good for hair care preparations.
[52]
Wound
healing
The ethanol extract of Bibheetakee
(Terminalia bellerica) fruit (2
and 4 % w/w ointment) was used to dress incision and excision wounds. The wound
healing showed good response. The results were similar to the wounds dressed
with Nitrofurazone (0.2%) ointment. [53]
Antioxidant
activity
The methanolic extract
of the fruits of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) elicited both in vitro and in
vivo antioxidant, antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activity. [54]
Anti-inflammatory
activity
In an experimental
study on rats, pyrexia was induced by yeast injection. Both aqueous and
alcoholic extracts of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) at the dose of 200mg/kg body weight, markedly decreased the
rectal temperature of pyretic rats. It was postulated that by inhibiting the
prostaglandin synthesis in hypothalamus, flavonoids of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) exhibit
anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity. However further study is
necessary to identify the phytochemicals involved in these activities.
[55]
Immunomodulatory
activity
The methanolic extract
of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) stimulated
the immune system of mouse. In the study on mouse, stimulation of macrophage
phagocytosis and maximal activation of phytohemagglutinin were observed. This
revealed that the methanolic extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) showed both the cellular and humoral
immune response in vitro. [56]
At a dose of 350mg/kg
body weight of ethanolic extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) was found to increase the activity of
reticuloendothelial system in Swiss albino mice.
Cyclophosphamide acts
as an immunosuppressive agent. It induces neutropenia. Ethanolic extract
of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) at
a dose of 150 and 350mg/kg body weight caused reduction in neutrpenia induced
by cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, at the dose of 350mg/kg bodyweight of the
extract a significant increase in weight of spleen was observed but no
remarkable change in thymus index. Thus Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) triggers both non-specific and specific
cellular immunity. [57]
The methanolic extract
of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) stimulated
the immune system of mouse. In the study on mouse, stimulation of macrophage
phagocytosis and maximal activation of phytohemagglutinin were observed. This
revealed that the methanolic extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) showed both the cellular and humoral
immune response in vitro. [58]
Antibacterial
activity
In the laboratory
experiment methanolic extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) inhibited the coagulase activity
of Staphylococcus aureus and brought
about major alterations in the capsular morphology of Klebsiella pnuemoniae after 24-48 hours of treatment,
suggesting that Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) extract
possesses antibacterial activity against these organisms. [59]
To evaluate
antibacterial activity of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica), Chloroform-Ethyl Acetate fraction of the fruit rind powder of Bibheetakee
(Terminalia bellerica) was
obtained. On further purification of the fraction Epigallo-catechin-gallate was
obtained. Both, the fraction and Epigallo- catechin-gallate showed a
significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus
subtilis and Staphylococcus
aureus. [60]
In an experimental
study, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) showed a significant antibacterial
activity against Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium. No toxicity of
the herb was observed. [61]
Aqueous extract of dry
fruit of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica), at 4 mg concentration showed the highest zone inhibition
against Staphylococcus aureus,
while methanol extract showed a significant antibacterial activity
against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [62]
The
hydroalcoholic extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) leaf showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [63]
Antiviral
activity
From Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) fruit rind,
two new lignans termilignan and thannilignan were isolated together with
7-hydroxy-3, 4-(methylenedioxy) flavan and anolignan B. All the four compounds
show anti-HIV-1, antimalarial and antifungal activities. [64]
Methanolic
extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) inhibited HBV DNA polymerase. [65]
Antifungal
activity
The aqueous and
petroleum ether extracts of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) inhibit the growth of various species of Mucor and
Aspergillus. [66]
In one study antifungal
activity of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) was tested against 5 clinical and 5 environmental fungi. At the
concentration of 4mg/ml of ethanolic extract of the fruit of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) showed
anticryptococcal activity. [67]
Actions
on Nervous System
In experiments on rats
at the dose of 200mg/kg bodyweight, aqueous and alcoholic extracts and at doses
of 50-100mg/kg bodyweight of crude extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) exhibited
analgesic activity. [68]
Aqueous extract of
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) administered
orally to Swiss young male albino mice at 50, 100 and 200mg/kg and ethanolic
extract at 100mg/kg for 10 consecutive days exhibited antidepressant activity.
The aqueous extract (200mg/kg) and ethanolic extract (100mg/kg) showed optimum
activity similar to 15mg/kg of imipramine and 20mg/kg of fluoxetine
administered orally for 10 consecutive days. This activity was attributed to
interaction with adrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. [69]
Acetylcholinesterase
inhibitors have been extensively used for the symptomatic treatment of
Alzheimer’s disease. The ethanolic extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) inhibited AchE (Acetylcholinesterase) in
electric eel. The effect was dose dependent. This activity was attributed to
the phytochemicals Gallic acid, ellagic acid and phenolic acids present in the
fruits of Terminalia bellerica. [70]
Actions
on the eye
Eye drops containing
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) are
useful for the treatment of conjunctivitis, trachoma, corneal opacity,
pterigium, immature cataract, myopia etc. [71]
Actions on CVS
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) showed
hypotensive effect in rats under anaesthesia. In rabbits contraction thoracic
aorta was induced by using phenylephrine. Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) relaxed the
thoracic aorta in these rabbits. In isolated guinea pig atria, Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) inhibited the
rate and force of atrial contractions. [72]
Angiogenesis is
important in the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease. Ethanolic
extract of the leaf of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) shows profound angiogenic activity in mice. This activity
is due to the presence of proteins and phytosterols in the plant. It suggested
that the extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) modulates endothelial cell function. [73]
Actions
on RS
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) is a potent
bronchodilator. [74]
Actions
on GI System
Activity of Bibheetakee
(Terminalia bellerica) against
various microorganisms is useful in treating diarrheas. (see above)
Actions
on the Pancreas
The aqueous extract of
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) stimulated
the basal insulin output and potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
in clonal pancreatic β-cell line. This insulin secretary activity was abolished
in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and by inhibitors of cellular Ca2+ uptake,
diazoxide and verapamil. [76]
Actions
on the Liver
The methenolic extract
of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) leaf
inhibits cell growth of Hep G2 cells at G2/M-phase and induces apoptosis by
triggering caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. Thus Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) can be a source of
compounds for the treatment of cancers. [77]
Hepatoprotective
activity
The fruit extract of
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) and
its active principle, Gallic acid protect the liver cells from
CCl4 intoxication. [78]
Actions
on metabolism
The fruit of
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) prevents
obesity, insulin resistance and lowers the increased levels lipids. The fruit
suppresses the absorption of triglycerol from the intestine and shows a strong
inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity. Gallic acid is the component
responsible for the inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity. Thus Bibheetakee
(Terminalia bellerica) can be
useful in preventing metabolic syndrome. [79]
Antidiabetic
activity
In one study diabetes
was induced in rats by using streptozotocin. Hexane, Ethylacetate, and
Methanolic extracts of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) fruits were administered orally to these diabetic rats at
200, 300, 400 mg/kg doses for 60 days. There was a significant increase in
plasma insulin, C-peptide, glucose tolerance, body weight and total serum
protein and a significant decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL,
urea, creatinine and uric acid. The effect was more pronounced in rats
treated with methanol extract. [80]
The effects of
continuous administration of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) fruit against alloxan induced hyperglycemia and its
antioxidant mechanism were studied in rats. There was a significant reduction
in glucose level and oxidative stress as was evident by increased levels of
Superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and catalase in blood and liver.
[81]
Also see effects of
Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) on
pancreas
Actions
on Urinary System
To evaluate
anti-urolithiatic effect of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica), renal stone was induced in a test group of animals by
administering 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days. The methanolic
extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) was then administered orally at doses of 100, 200 and
400mg/kg body weight once a day from 15th day to 28th day. The
results demonstrated that antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract
of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) at
the dose of 400mg/kg body weight protected the kidney from ethylene
glycol-induced renal calculi. [82]
Actions
on Male Reproductive System
The benzene and ethanol
extract of the bark of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) was administered to male albino rats at the doses of 10mg
and 25mg/100g body weight of the animal for 50 days. The treatment resulted in
decrease in the weights of testis and reproductive organs and spermatogenesis
was arrested. [83], [84]
Actions
on Female Reproductive System
At the dose of
25mg/100g body weight, ethanolic extract of the bark of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) administered
to female albino rats causes loss of implantation of embryo. This may be due to
antizygotic, blasto-cyto-toxic anti-implantation activity of the plant. Further
research is necessary to establish the mechanism of anti-implantation activity
of Terminalia bellerica. [85]
Antitumor
activity
Ethyl acetate and
n-butanol fraction of Bibheetakee (Terminalia
bellerica) show high grade reducing activity which is said to be
useful in the treatment of cancers [86]
Culinary
uses
Not used
Acute
and Sub-acute Toxicities
A single oral dose of
5000mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica) did not show
any acute toxicity and repeated administration of 1000mg/kg body weight for 14
days did not show sub-acute toxicity [87]
Medicinal
Actions and uses
Traditional
usages
It is used for PUO,
common cold, cough (expectorant), pharyngitis, bronchitis, diarrhea,
constipation, helminthiasis, ophthalmic disorders, rasaayana (adaptogen),
anemia, UTI, aphrodisiac, leucorrhea etc. [88]
Ayurvedic
Uses
As rasaayana (as
adaptogen), to build muscle mass and body tissues, to build immunity
Internal
Uses
To improve digestion,
to treat diarrhea, as laxative, as expectorant and to relieve
bronchospasm
External
Uses
Conjunctivitis,
trachoma, to relieve inflammatory edema, for wound dressing, vaginal douche in
leucorrhea and for premature graying of hair [89]
Uses
in Modern Medicine
As antidiabetic,
laxative, to treat obesity, to treat hypercholesterolemia and as
hepatoprotective. To treat cough, cold, diarrhea, oral thrush and skin
disorders [90]
Preparations
and Doses
Powder: 3-6
grams in divided doses
Important
Ayurvedic Preparations
All preparations
containing Triphlaa (e. g. Triphalaa ghrita, Triphalaadi Taila etc.)
Wibheetakee
Tailam [91]
Aksha
Taila: For external use (massage, hair care etc.)
Bibheetakee
Suraa: Beer/ Wine of Bibheetakee (Terminalia bellerica).
It is appetizer, digestive, improves health, useful for the treatment of anemia
and skin diseases [92]
Triphala choorna,
Talisaadi choorna, Lawangaadi choorna, Bibheetakee kwaatha [93]
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