Pippali (Piper longum) Part 1
Pippali (Piper longum) Part 1
Introduction
Not
only physicians trained in Ayurvedic system of medicine but also physicians
practicing modern system of medicine are enthused to use Pippali (Piper longum). Dr. V. B. Athavale, a
noted pediatrician of Mumbai, India used Pippali (Piper longum) a plenty to treat respiratory infections and
bronchial asthma in children. He also used it to prevent bronchial asthma in
children.
Pippali
(Piper longum) ranked pari pasu as
spice with black pepper on dining table. Although oblivious to day, Pippali (Piper longum) a renowned culinary spice
and rejuvenating herb is worth learning about. Rarely though, it is still used
as a spice in Indian and Nepalese pickles, some North African spice mixtures,
Indonesian and Malaysian cooking, some National dishes of Pakistan and Lucknow.
However 15th
century onwards Pippali (Piper longum)
made its transition from spice table to medicine-chest. [1]
The
earliest reference to Pippali (Piper
longum) can be found in Vedic texts. The texts mention in details its
health benefits and dietary effects. [2]
Among
its many uses, its effects on digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems
were highlighted in ancient texts. It was combined with shunthee (dried ginger)
and black pepper in the famous and popular formulation: ‘Trikatu’. References to Pippali (Piper longum) can also be found in Sanskrit poetry dated around
1000 to 500 BC due to its rampant domestic use. [3]
In the
6th century BC Pippali (Piper
longum) caught attention of Hippocrates who used it as a medicine and not as a
spice in his medical practice. Since then Pippali (Piper longum) was in vogue in Greece. The Romans started using
Pippali (Piper longum) as spice.
Eventually Pippali (Piper longum)
made its way into spice trade through the Greeks and the Romans where it became
one of the most valuable of Indian exports.
Well!
The history of Pippali (Piper longum)
is often misunderstood and interlinked with other peppers though Theophrastus
distinguished the two in his work of botany. Pliny erroneously believed dried
black pepper and Pippali (Piper longum)
came from the same plant. Pippali (Piper
longum) is still traded alongside black pepper; both being called piper
and mistakenly thought to be from the same plant throughout Europe.
Additionally, Pippali (Piper longum)
has been confused with a long Spanish chili pimento and with other
spices of long pepper variety such as Piper
retrofractum, native to Java Island. Today Pippali (Piper longum) is a rarity in general commerce. [4], [5]
The
fruits of Pippali (Piper longum) as
drug appear to be derived from two or more species. Indian Long Pepper is Piper longum Linn or Piper prepuloides, while the Indonesian
or Java Long Pepper imported from Malaysia is Piper retrofractum. Some other relevant species include Piper sylvaticum Roxb.
In Raja
Nighantu four types are described: (1) Pippali proper, Piper longum Linn found in Magadha, North East India etc. (2) Gaja
Pippali, Piper chaba Hunter found in
Bengal, Assam. It is consider as fruit of Chavika plant. (3) Simhali, Piper retrofractum Vahl. It is imported
from Sri Lanka, Singapore (4) Vana Pippali, Piper
sylvaticum Roxb or Piple peepuloides
found in forests of Bengal, Assam. [6]
In the current crude drug
market two varieties of Pippali (Piper
longum) are available: Badi pippali (Large
pippali) and Chhotee pippali (small
pippali).Though both have similar medicinal properties Chhotee variety suppresses acute and sub acute inflammation while Badi variety suppresses only acute
inflammation. Hence for therapeutic use Chhotee
pippali is preferred. Because of its anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator property Pippali (Piper
longum) is one of the most important drug used in the treatment of Tamaka shwaasa (status asthmaticus). [7]
The
word pepper
itself is derived from the word pippali. The pippali plant is a
native of India. The name pippali means ‘to drink and digest’ revealing
one of its main benefits: Increasing the digestion and burning toxins. The word
bell
pepper, referring to completely different plants in the capsicum
family, is of the same etymology. [8], [9]
Pippali
(Piper longum) forms an important
constituent of 324 Ayurvedic formulations described in various texts. Warning
has also been given in Ayurvedic texts not to use these formulations for a
longer duration.
To
resolve this issue I would say, when used judiciously and for a short time,
Pippali (Piper longum) becomes ‘Bheshaja’, if used unscrupulously and
for a long time Pippali (Piper longum)
becomes ‘Abheshaja’.
Other Names
Taxonomic Name: Piper
longum Linn
Sanskrit: Pippalimoola,
Piplamul, Pippali-Jataa, Shadgranthi, Granthika, Maagadhee-moola, Kanaamoola,
Krishnaamoola,
Assamese: Pippalee,
Bengali: Pipulmul, Pipul
English: Long pepper, Indian Long
Pepper roots, Piper root
French: Poivre long
German: Bengalischer Pfeffer,
Jaborandi Pfeffer, Langer Pfeffer
Gujarati: Gantola, Ganthoda,
Lindi Pipeeper, Pipali,
Hindi: Piper
Hungarian: Bengali bors
Italian: Pepe lungo
Kannada: Hippali, Modikaddi,
Tipplee, Modi
Malayalam:
Kattuthippaliver,
Tippaliveru
Marathi: Pimpalee, Lendi Pimpalee
Nepalese: Gaj pipla, Sano pipla
Oriya: Pipli, Pippalee
Portuguese: Pimenta longa
Punjabi: Magh, MaghPippali
Swedish: Langpeppar
Telugu: Pippalu
Turkish: Dar biberi
Urdu: Filfil Daraz
Unani: Bekh-Filfil Daraz,
Bekh-Daarfilfil, Peepl [11], [12], [13]
Taxonomic
Classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
-Plants
Subkinddom:
Tracheobionta-
Vascular plants
Superdivision:
Spermatophyta-Seed plants
Division:
Magnoliphyta-Flowering plants
Class:
Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons
Subclass:
Magnoliidae
Clade:
Angiosperm
Clade: Magnolides
Order:
Piperales
Family:
Piperaceae- Pepper family
Genus: Piper
L.- Pepper
Species: Piper
longum
Plant
type: Herb
Pippali (Piper longum) belongs to plant family Piperaceae. Piperaceae is a
large family, having more than 10 genera and approximately1500 species. The
family belongs to class dicotyledons but due to its unique anatomical features
it resembles monocotyledon and at times wrongly described with monocotyledon
plants. Family piper occurs throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions. [14],
[15]
Geographical
Distribution
Pippali (Piper longum) is native of North East India. It is distributed in
hotter parts of India from central Himalayas to Assam, Khasi and Mikir hills,
lower hills of Bengal, Meghalaya, evergreen forests of Western Ghats of Kerala,
Tamilnadu, from Konkan to Travancore and also Car Nicobar Islands. In Western Ghat forests it grows wild. It is
cultivated in North East and many parts of South India. Globally the species is
distributed in the Indo-Malesian region and Sri Lanka. Pippali (Piper longum) is also cultivated in
Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Malaysia and Singapore. [16], [17], [18]
A number of geographical
varieties of Pippali (Piper longum)
are available in different agro climatic regions of India; the most popular
being Assam, West Bengal and Nepal varieties. The other species: Piper officinarum DC, Chavica officinarum Miquel, Piper pepuloides and Piper chaba Hunter are of therapeutic
importance. [19]
Plant
morphology
Macroscopic
characteristics
Plant
Pippali Plant Male Plant Female Plant
[20], [21]
Pippali (Piper longum) is a slender, aromatic, ascending plant. It is a
glabrous, erect, nodose, perennial under-shrub.
Pippali (Piper longum) plants functionally dioecious, having male and female
reproductive organs on separate plants. There are no morphologically
distinguishing features of the sex of the plants. Both male and female plants
remain indistinguishable until the flowering stage when male plants can be
identified by their long spikes and female plants by their short spikes. The
plants maintain their sexual identity throughout their successive generations. [22],
[23]
Perennial
woody roots clasping at nodes which get help to get attached to the host trees.
[24], [25], [26]
Stem
Stems
are joined with swollen nodes, numerous,
60-90 cm long and 5 mm thick, ascending or prostrate (not climbing), thick,
erect, much branched, stout, cylindrical, thickened above nodes, finely
pubescent; outer surface yellowish, branches slender often creeping or trailing
and rooting below or rarely scandent (having a climbing habit), a few meters in
height [27], [28], [29]
Leaves
Leaves are simple, alternate, numerous,
3.7 to 8.7 cm long, upper ones oblong-oval, cordate at base, lower ones broadly
ovate or very cordate with broad rounded lobes at base. All leaves subacute, entire, glabrous, thin,
bullate (covered with rounded blister like swellings) with reticulate
venatation sunk above and raised beneath, young leaves having 5 veins, dark
green and shining above pale and dull beneath; petioles of upper leaves very
short or none (sessile), petioles of lower leaves 2.5 to 7.5 cm long, stout,
Stipules about 1.2 cm long, membranous, lanceolate, obtuse, enclosing the bud
but soon falling off; apex acute to acuminate; margin entire. [30], [31]
The plant flowers throughout
the year. Flowers naked, unisexual, dioecious, sessile in axils of fleshy
bracts supported by two lateral bracts arranged in solitary, pedunculate
spikes, male spikes longer than female spikes, 2.5 to 7.5 cm long, slender,
bracts narrow, dehiscent and non-productive; female spikes 1.2 to 2.5 cm long
arising singly from leaf axil are cylindrical, short and stout, bracts
circular, flat, peltate, perianth absent, stamens 2, anther 2 celled. [32]
Inflorescence is spike, with
unisexual, small, achlamydeous densely packed flowers forming very close
clusters of small grayish green or darker grey berries. Female spikes with
short thick stalk varying from 1.5 to 2.5 cm in length and 0.5 to 0.7 cm in
thickness. [33], [34]
Ovary superior, unilocular with
a solitary erect ovule, stigmas 3-4, short, spreading, persistent [35]
Fruits are berry spikes, very
small, ovoid or cylindrical, male larger and slender, greenish yellow,
glabrous, fleshy, red when ripened and become black when dried, 2.5 to 7.5 cms
long; female spikes 1.2 to 2 cms long, erect, yellow [36], [37]
[38]
Microscopic structure
(A) Fruits:
The fruits are arranged in
circle on a central axis, each having an outer epidermal layer of irregular
cells filled with deep brown content and covered externally with a thick
cuticle; mesocarp consists of larger cells, usually collapsed, irregular in
shape and thin-walled; a number of stone cells in singles or in groups present;
endocarp and seed coat fused to form a deep zone, outer layer of this zone
composed of thin-walled cells and colourless, inner layer composed of
tangentially elongated 105 cells, having reddish brown content; most of
endocarp and seed coat fused to form a deep zone with hyaline content in the
outer layers and orange red pigment, wavy in outline filled with starch grains,
round to oval measuring 3-8 μ in
diameter.
Powder is deep moss green in
colour, with aromatic odour, pungent taste producing numbness on the tongue;
shows fragments of thin-walled parenchyma cells, oval to elongated stone cells;
plenty of endosperm cells of various sizes and shapes; a few fragments of thick
walled lignified cells in different sizes and shapes of stone cells with wide
lumen; a few fragments of pointed unicellular or multicellular trichome; a few
fragments of perisperm embedded with aleurone grains and oil globules round to
oval in shape; a few yellowish brown content cells; numerous simple, oval to
rounded starch grains measuring 3-8 μ
in
diameter. [39], [40], [41]
Stem
The transverse section of stem
shows epidermis composed of thick-walled cells measuring 15.12 to 26.46 X 7. 56
to 26.46 (Units not mentioned in the reference searched). The cork is composed
of three layers of cells measuring 11.34 to 45.36 in diameter (Units not
mentioned in the reference searched). The cortex to collenchyma is up to 15
layers broad and shows conspicuous large intercellular spaces and abundance of
starch granuals. The cells occasionally divided by secondary wall formation and
measure 11.34 to 238.9 in diameter (Units not mentioned in the reference
searched). Cells translucent or brown with usually oily or resinous contents
are often included in the cortex. The starch grains are simple or compound with
up to 30 components. The individual grains are usually with central hilum and
measures up to 15.12 in diameter (Units not mentioned in the reference
searched). Stone cells are occasionally present in the cortex and measure
258.91 in length and 147.42 in breadth. (Units not mentioned in the reference
searched). The xylem groups of peripheral vascular bundles are separated from one
another by broad medullary rays up to 40 cells. The medullary ray cells
occasionally include oily or resinous contents and measure up to 75.80X64.26
(units not mentioned in the reference searched). The phloem is capped in
fibers. The isolated fibers are short or long, broad or narrow, with pointed or
blunt ends and show occasionally denticulated margins. The vesicles are up to
79.38 in diameter (units not mentioned in the reference searched). The
sclerenchyma of peripheral vascular bundles is more or less continuous and is
up to five layers thick. The isolated fibers are elongated with pointed ends
and are occasionally 1 to 5 septate and measure 350.46 in length and 11.34 to
37.80 in breadth. (Units not mentioned in the reference searched). The
structure of medullary vascular bundles resemble that of Monocotyledons. The
xylem is arranged in V shaped groups. Sometimes a lysigenous cavity occupies
the phloem. The pith parenchyma cells are more or less isodiametric. Medullary
vascular bundles are full of starch grains. The stone cells measure up to
307.38 in length 109.62 (Units not mentioned in the reference searched). [42],
[43]
Microscopic
Structure of Root
The transverse section
of root shows outer cork, middle cortex and central stealar region. The
transverse section is almost circular with regular outline. The outermost
tissue, cork appears as a narrow strip slightly brown in colour. It consists of
3 to 5 rows of thin-walled and rectangular to slightly elongated cells. The
phallogen is not evident in many specimens. The cortex within is fairly wide.
The cortical cells are large in size, thin walled and rounded to oblong with
large intercellular space. The cell walls of peripheral rows are slightly
thickened but not lignified. Most of the cells are heavily loaded with
spherical or oval shaped, compound starch grains. Many secretory cells filled
with yellow large globules are scattered in cortex.
Centre pith of the root
is occupied by 4-6 wedge shaped radiating strips of vascular tissue called
stealar region having their wider ends towards periphery. The cells comprising
the pith are polygonal, thin-walled and full of starch grains. Outside the
pith, evenly spaced six groups of primary xylem bundles are present. In each
vascular strip the xylem is composed by xylem vessels and xylem parenchyma
surrounded by woody fibers. Wider end of xylem is crowned with hemispherical
strip of phloem. These xylem vessels are arranged together in 3-4 radial rows.
Few thick-walled xylem parenchyma cells are there with wood fibers. A
cambium-strip consists of one or two rows of narrow, thin-walled rectangular
cells between xylem and phloem. The phloem is composed of many sieve tubes with
their companion cells that can be distinctly made out towards the inner region
of phloem and phloem parenchyma cells. The cells on the outer side are slightly
compressed and tangentially elongated. One or two groups of stone cells are
seen at the peripheral region of phloem. The outer border of phloem is limited
by a row of pericyclic cells found just inside the endodermis. Medullary rays
are four to six, broad, wedge-shaped with wider ends at the periphery,
alternating with radiating bands of vascular tissue. Each ray is having ten to
fifteen cells extending from pith to endodermis. The ray cells are thin-walled,
cubical, slightly elongated, arranged in regular rows. Most of the cells are
heavily loaded with starch grains similar to those present in cortex. Some
cells contain minute calcium oxalate crystals. Few cells have oil globules. In
some specimens narrow strips of inner fascicular cambial cells connecting the
fascicular cambia are found
in the vascular strip. Large quantities of compound starch grains are specific
to pippali (Piper longum Linn.) [44]
Powder microscopy of Root
In specimens studied
root powder showed cork in surface view, parenchyma cells with simple and
compound starch grains, prismatic and rod shaped calcium oxalate crystals,
annual vessels having pitted borders, fragments of lignified fibers and
sclerides distributed throughout powder. [45]
Table 1: Measurements of isolated lignified elements of
Piper longumLinn. Root (Measurements in micrometers)
Elements
|
Length
|
Width
|
Fibers
|
589.90
|
20.82
|
Vessels
|
416.40
|
48.58
|
Table 2: Micrometric measurements of Piper longumLinn. Root (Measurements in micrometers)
Sr. No. Characters Measurements
1. Compound
starch grains 0.47 X
0.43
2. Simple starch
grains 0.3
3. Pitted
vessels
2.33 X 0.53
4. Annular
vessels 2 X
0.6
5. Rod shaped
crystals 0.1 X 0.6
6. Prismatic
crystal 0.7 X
0.5
7. Cork
cells 0.4 X 0.5 [46]
Reagent Test for Color change Result
Iodine Starch Blue Present
Ferric chloride
solution Tannin Black Present
Sudan III Oil Reddish Present
Phloroglucinol+HCl Lignin Pink Present
Phloroglucinol+HCl Calcium oxalate Dissolve Present
Crystals
[47]
Parts
used
Mainly Fruit, sometimes Stem,
Leaves and root
Phytochemistry
The plant contains many
pharmacologically active phytochemicals.
Alkaloids
and amides:
The fruit contains alkaloids
and related compounds such as: piperine, methyl piperine, pipernonaline,
piperettine, asarinine, pellitorine, piperundecalidine,
piperlongumine, piperlonguminine, retrofractamide-A, pergumidiene,
brachystamide-B, a dimer of desmethoxypiplartine, N-isobytyldecadienamide,
brachyamide-A, brachystine, pipercide, piperderidine, longamide,
dehydropipernonaline, piperidine and tetrahydro piperine.
Newly identified phytochemical
constituents are:
1-(3, 4-methylenedioxyphenyl)
1E-tetradecene,
3-(3, 4-methylenedioxophenyl)
propenal, piperoic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxy-biabola-1, 10-diene,
eudesm-4(15)-ene-1beta, 6-alpha-diol, 6-beta-diol, 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)-ene-1beta,
guineesine and 2E, 4E-dienamide, (2E, 4E, 8E)-nisobutylhenicosa-2, 4,
8-trienamide [48]
Glycosides
Cardiac glycosides
Flavonoids
Quercetin 3.27mg in root
Tannin
Sterols
Beta sitosterol and
dihydrostigmasterol
Phenol
Lignans
The main lignans isolated from
the fruits are: sesamin, pulviatilol and fargesin
Lignins
Pluriatilol, fargosin,
sesamine, asarinine, guineensine and pipericide
Esters
The esters are:
tridecyl-dihydro-pcoumarate, icosanyl-(E)-p-coumarate and Z- 12
octandecenoic-glycerol-monoester.
Essential
oils
The essential oil isolated from
fruit is a complex mixture. Its three major components are caryophyllene,
pentadecane and bisaboline. Others are: thujine, terpenoline, zingiberine,
p-cymene, p-methoxy acetophenone and dihydrocarveol.
Aristolactams
Aristolactum A II, piperlactum
A and B and cepharanone B
Dioxoaporphines
Cepharadione A and B, norcepharadione
B, piperadione and its 6-demethyl derivative.
Organic
acids
The organic acids are: Palmitic
acid and tetrahydropipericacid. Two phenyl propionic acid derivatives
Saponins
Starch
Carbohydrate
Protein
Aminoacids dehydropipernonalne
and tetrahydropiperine, L-tyrosine, L-cysteine hydrochloride
Vitamins
The vitamins isolated from
Pippali (Piper longum) are Vitamin A,
C, and E
Minerals
Calcium, Magnesium, Selenium
Recently thymoquinol and
6-hydroxydopamine were also isolated
Table
4: Analysis of Phytochemicals
Solvent: Petroleum ether Acetone Ethanol
Part: L F
S R L F
S R L F
S R
Alkaloid -
+ + - + +
+ + + +
+ +
Flavonoid -
- - - - -
- - - -
- -
Saponin +
- + - + -
+ - + - + +
Glycoside -
- - - + -
- - + -
- -
Tanins +
+ + - + +
+ - + + + +
Terpinoids -
+ - - + + -
+ + + - +
Resins - - -
- + +
+ + + + + +
Steroids - -
- - - -
+ - - - + +
Phenols + +
- - + +
+ + + + + +
Cardiac
Glycosides - +
+ - -
+ + + +
+ + +
Triterpinoids - -
- - + - + + + +
+ +
L=
Leaf, F=
Fruit, S= Stem,
R= Root
Serial Number
|
Part of the Plant
|
Protein
|
Amino acid
|
Carbohydrates
|
1
|
Leaf
|
11.47+/-
0.87
|
8.7
+/- 0.81
|
2.5+/-
0.21
|
2
|
Fruit
|
13.47+/-0.77
|
8.2
+/- 0.55
|
2.75+/-
0.72
|
3
|
Stem
|
11.56
+/-0.56
|
7.01
+/-0.27
|
2.79
+/-0.11
|
4
|
Root
|
14.72+/-0.22
|
7.3
+/-0.21
|
2.6
+/- 0.27
|
[49], [50], [51], [52]
Identity, Purity and
Strength
Foreign
matter: Not more than 2 percent
Total Ash: Not
more than 7 percent
Acid-insoluble ash: Not
more than 0.5 percent
Alcohol-soluble
extractive: Not less than 5 percent
Water-soluble
extractive: Not less than 7 percent [53]
Quantitative
Standards
Here are the physicochemical parameters
of Pippali (Piper longum) Linn fruits
accepted worldwide.
Total
Ash: 4.88 percent
Acid
insoluble Ash:
0.09
percent
Water
soluble Extractive: 9.92 percent
Alcohol
soluble Extractive: 17.00 percent
Loss on
drying: 10.88 percent
Foreign
Matter: 0 percent
pH:
5.0 [54]
Thin Layer
Chromatographic (TLC) study
T. L. C. of alcoholic extract on silica
gel ‘G’ plate using Toluene: Ethyl acetate (90:10) as mobile phase.
Under Ultra Violate (366nm) six
fluorescent zones are visible at Rf. 0.15, 0.26, 0.34, 0.39, 0. 50 and 0.80.
On exposure to iodine vapour seven spots
appear at Rf. 0.04, 0.15, 0.26, 0.34, 0.39, 0. 50 and 0.93 (at yellow)
On spraying with Vanillin-Sulphuric acid
reagent and heating the plate at 1050 C for ten minutes five spots
appear at Rf. 0.04, 0.022, 0.35, 0.43 and 0.82.
On spraying with Dragendroff reagent
three spots appear at Rf. 0.15, 0.26. 0.34 (all orange) [55]
Genetic
Identity
RAPD/
SCAR/ PCR- Identity
Pippali (Piper longum Linn.) is a dioecious plant; having male and female
reproductive organs on separate plants.
By using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic
DNA technique (RAPD) the difference between male and female Pippali (Piper longum Linn.) plants was
determined. [56]
For
more accurate identity, some researchers convert RAPD markers to sequence
characterized amplified region SCAR markers based on their DNA sequence, which
could be detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with longer
sequence-specific primers. [56]
Chromosomal Identity
The
chromosomal or molecular factors determining the sexual phenotype of Pippali (Piper longum L.) are not known. Karyomorphological
observations of four genera of Piperaceae show the same karyomorphological
characteristics. The basic chromosome number of Piperaceae is presumed to be
x=11. [57]
HPTLC Analysis
HPTLC
analysis was used to evaluate various phytoconstituents in Pippali (Piper longum L.). The samples of fruit
material were subjected to phytochemical tests for alkaloids, glycosides,
phenols and tannins to confirm literature reports of phytonutrients of the
plant. The researchers were able to estimate the quantity of piperine in fruit
of the plant. [58]
Another
group used mathanolic extract of root of Pippali (Piper longum L). The results obtained from qualitative evaluation
of HPTLC images were helpful in identification, standardization and quality
control of piperine in pipermula. This
will ensure therapeutic efficacy of piperine in pipermula. [59]
Properties and Pharmacology
Ayurvedic Ganas
Sushruta Samhitaa: Pipplyaadi
Ashtaanga Sangraha:
Pippalyaadi
Bhaawaprakaasha:
Haieetakyaadi
Dhanwantari Nighantu: Shatapushpaadi
Raaja Nighantu: Pippalyaadi
Kaiyadeva Nighantu: Oshadhee
Maadhava Dravyaguna: Vividha-oushadhee
Hridayaadeepikaa Nighantu: Chatushpada
Priya Nighantu: Pippalyaadi [60]
Ayurvedic Varga
Charaka Varga: Kaasahara
(Antitussive), Hikka-Nigraha (Anti-Hiccup), Shirovirechana (Drainage of
sinuses), Vamana (Emetic), Deepaneeya (Appetizer), Shoolaprashamana (Anticolic,
Relieves colic)
Sushruta Varga: Tri-ushana
[Three acrid drugs: Shunthee (Zingiber
officinale), Marichee (Piper nigrum),
Pippali (Piper longum)], Urdhwabhaagahara, Shirovirechana (Drainage of sinuses)
[61]
Ayurvedic
properties
Rasa
(Taste): Katu (Pungent, Acrid)
Veerya/
Virya (Potency, Potent Energy): Ushna (Hot, Heating)
Vipaka
(Post Digestive Effect): Katu (Pungent, Acrid)
Actions
on Srotasas (Actions on systems): Digestive, Reproductive and
Respiratory systems [62]
Ayurvedic
Guna/Karma (Ayurvedic Properties and Action)
Ushna:
Hot, Heating
Teekshna:
Penetrative
Katu:
Pungent, Acrid
Rooksha:
Dry, Exerting drying effect
Laghu:
Light
Waata-hara:
Anti-flatulent, Nervine tonic, Acts against motility
disorders
Waata-anulomana:
Prokinetic, Antiflatulent,
Kaphahara:
Expectorant, Allays excessive phlegm, Reduces
excessive secretions, Pacifies Kapha
Kaasahara: Anti-tussive
Shwasahara:
Relieves bronchial asthma
Kshayahara: Cures Tuberculosis
Hikkaa-Nigrahana:
Controlling Hiccup
Deepana: Appetizer, Improves appetite, Promotes appetite
Paachana: Digestive, Digestant, Improves digestion
Ruchikaraka: Improves taste
Pittavardhaka: Increases gastric secretion, Causes hyperacidity,
Increases pitta
Yakritottejaka:
Hepatostimulant
Pleehaawridhi-hara:
Reduces Splenomegaly
Krimighna: Anthelmintic
Shoola-Prashamana: Relieves colic
Hikkaa-Nigrahana:
Controlling Hiccup
Mridu-Virechana: Mild Laxative
Medhya: Beneficial for intelligence, Improves Memory,
Shirivirechana: Drains sinuses
Truptighna/ Triptighna: Treats Hypothyroidism (See note below)
Mootrala:
Diuretic
Jwaraghna:
Antipyretic
Wishamajwara Pratibandhaka: Prevents Typhoid
Kushthaghna:
Cures skin diseases like leprosy
Vrishya:
Aphrodisiac
Balya: Builds Muscles, Builds up Energy in Body
Rasaayana: Adaptogen
Rogaghna
Actions
Pippali (Piper longum Linn) is useful for the treatment of:
Kaasa (cough), Shwaasa (dyspnoea,
bronchial asthma), Hicca (hiccup), Agnimaandya (Cures loss of appetite), Ajeerna
(Cures indigestion), Vibandha (relieves constipation), Kshaya (emaciation,
wasting), Raajayakshma (tuberculosis), Rajorodha (amenorrhoea), Kushtha
(leprosy and other skin diseases), Jwara (PUO, pyrexia of unknown origin) [63]
[NOTE: In Sanskrit literature the word ‘TRUPTI’/ ‘TRIPTI’
means ‘satiety’. However in ‘Roga-Vigyan’; Ayurvedic clinical medicine, it means
‘Hypothyroidism’. Therefore the term ‘TRUPTIGHNA’/ ‘TRIPTIGHNA’ means a drug
that relieves or treats ‘Hypothyroidism’.
In
Charaka Samhitaa, Aacharya Charaka described 50 Mahaakashayas; polyherbal
decoction. They are divided into 10 subgroups, each with 10 herbs. ‘TRUPTIGHNA
MAHAAKASHAYA’/ ‘TRIPTIGHNA MAHAAKASHAYA’ is one of them. The formulation
contains 10 drugs: 1. Naagara=Shunthee (Zingiber
officinale), 2. Chavya (Piper chaba
Hunter, Piper retrofractum Vahl), 3.
Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica), 4. Widanga
(Embelia ribes), 5. Murwaa (Marsdenia tenacissima), 6. Guduchee (Tinospora cordifolia), 7. Wachaa (Acorus calamus), 8. Mustaa (Cyperus
rotundus), 9. Pippali (Piper longum), 10. Patola (Luffa acutangula L. Roxb.) According to
Ayurveda, Trupti/ Tripti is a kapha
naanaatmaja wyadhi. Drug used to diminish such condition is known as
‘Truptighna-oshadhee/ ‘Triptighna-oshadhee’]
[64]
References:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_pepper.
[2] Chowkhamba Orientalia, 2002;
Sootrasthana, 9th edition, Varanasi
[3] Charaka Samhita with Ayurveda Deepika
commentary by Chakrapanidatta; Sootrasthana, 2nd edition Varanasi:
Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academi; 2006.
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_pepper.
[5] https://www.baniyanbotanicals.com/info/blog-the-baniyan-insit/details/getting-to-know-your-herbal-allies-pippali-piper-longum
[7]
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Krutika Joshi et al, Pharmacognostic evaluation of Pippali_ Mula _Root
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[38]
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[42]
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