AMALAKI (Phyllanthus emblica, Emblica officinalis)
AMALAKI (Phyllanthus emblica, Emblica officinalis)
Introduction
What is apple to the West, Aamalakee is to India. ‘An
apple a day keeps the doctor away’. True! But India’s Aamalakee fruit does a
lot more than what apple does! If I say Aamalakee not only keeps the doctor
away but also death; it will not be an exaggeration!!
The term Aamalakee means ‘the sustainer’.
Because of its anti aging and rejuvenating properties
Aayurveda extols Aamalakee. Because of its beneficial effects it is described
as “Dhaatree” meaning “a foster-mother" or "a nurse". Isn’t it a
laudable tribute to the fruit as the ultimate caregiver, sustainer and healer
liken to the ‘Mother Earth’? It is highly revered for imparting Oja i.e.
resplendent radiance, (luster or sheen) or “vitality” or “vigor” to the eyes,
skin and hair to any one who consumes it; I would say an admiration well
deserved!! [1]
After studying the effects of Aamalakee the Ayurvedic
scientists deduced an aphorism, ‘Aamalakee
pathyaanaam shreshthaa’ which
means Aamalakee (Emblica officinalis) is salubrious (agreeable or good
for one’s health, health promoter, health giving) par excellence.
No wonder then, to admire this valued plant, the
Government of India released a postage stamp on April 07, 2003. [2]
Fruits of Aamalakee were considered as Amrit phala
(nectar fruits) during Vedic era.
In Chinese Aamalaa fruit is called Yuganzi or
Anmole. The Chinese use Yuganzi (Anmole) to cure pharyngitis.
Other/ Names
Latin Name/Botanical Name/Scientific Names: Phyllanthus emblica L, Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Cicca
emblica kurz, Myrobalanus emblica Burm, Phyllanthus mairei Lev
Sanskrit: Aamalakee,
Akara, Aamalaa, Aamalaka, Amritaphala
(ambrosia), Aatriphala, Brahmawriksha, Shreephala, Dhatrika (nurse),
Dhatreephala, Gaayatree, Manda, Pancharasa, Raadhaa, Shitaa, Shiva (beneficial
to all nature), Shambhupriya, Sudhaa, Wajram, Wilomee, Wrushya,
rochani, Tamaka, Tishyaphala, , vayastha (retaining youth),
shiva (beneficial to all nature)
English: Indian
gooseberry, Embelic, Emblic Myrobalam, Malacca tree
Arabic: Halilaj,
Ihlilaj
Assamese: Amlakhi, Amlaki
Bangla/ Bengali: Amloki, Amlaki, Aamloki
Burmese: Mai
kham
Chinese: Yu
gan zi
French: Groseille
a maquereau indienne, Groseille nepalai se
German: Ambla-Baum,
Myrobalanenbaum
Garo: Amabare
Gujarati: Aamalaa,
Aamarana, Aamalak
Hindi: Aamlakam,
Aamalaa, Aamalakee, Aanwalaa, Anola, Avola, Bahumoolee, Brahmawriksha
Kannada: Nellikkaai,
Aamalakaa, Betta nelli, Dodda nelle
Khmer: Kantouot
prei
Konkani: Aawaalo
Laotian: Mak
kham bom
Malay: Melaka,
Melakka, Kemoloko (Java), Pokok melaka
Malyalam: Nellikka.
Nelli
Manipuri: Amla
Marathi: Aawalaa
Mizo: Sunhlu
Myanmar: Zee
phyu thee
Nepali/ Nepalese: Aamalaa,
Rikhiya
Odiya: Aanla,
Anula
Punjabi: Olay,
Aula, Nelli, Aanwala
Russian: Fillantus
emblica
Sinhala: Nelli
Spanish: Mirobalano,
Neli
Tamil: Nellikkai,
Aamalakee, Amritaphalam, Attakoram, Citrottam, Civai, Kattuu nelli, Nelli, Topu
nelli, Totti
Telugu: Usiri
or Usirikai, Amalakamu, Asiri, Dhatri, Nelli
Thai: Makham
pom, Kan tot
Tibetan: Sky
ru ra
Urdu: Aanvlaa
(Awala)
Vietnamese: Me rung, Me man, Mac kham [3], [4], [5], [6]
Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(Unranked): Angiosperm
(Unranked): Eudicots
(Unranked): Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllantheae
Tribe: Phyllantheae
Subtribe: Flueggeinae
Division: Flowering
plant
Class: Magnoliopsida
[7]
Geographical distribution
This magical nutritional giant was discovered in the
Himalayan mountain region by ancient Indian sages. Now a tree of Asia found
predominantly in the forests of India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. It is also found
growing in villages and lowland deciduous forests. It is cultivated in gardens,
home-yards or grown as a road side tree. It is not a very hardy tree as it is
sensitive to frost and can not stand draught. It is normally found up to the
altitude of 1500 meters. It is grown by seed germination. It can also be
propagated by budding or cutting. The cultivated plants bear comparatively
larger fruits. [8]
Plant Morphology
The two types
of Amalaki that are available are: the wild variety (wanya); and the
cultivated variety (graamya). The berries of the wild version are
smaller with large amounts of fiber; those of the orchard version are larger,
succulent and smooth.
Wanya
Aamalakee Graamya
Aamalakee
(Phyllanthus acidus) (Phyllanthus
emblica)
Wanya Aamalakee Graya
Aamalakee
Aamalakee tree
Wanya Aamalakee Graya Aamalakee
Aamalakee tree-trunk
Wanya Aamalakee Graya Aamalakee
Aamalakee
leaves
Male
and Female Flowers
of Wanya Aamalakee Flowers
of Graamya Aamalakee
Wanya Aamalakee Fruits Graamya Aamalakee Fruits
Macroscopic Morphology
Here I describe the morphology of gramya variety
Tree is
small to medium sized, reaching 8 to 18 m in height. The Tunk is crooked, greenish grey with spreading branches. The
branchlets are glabrous or finely pubescent, 10-20 cm long; usually
deciduous. The Bark is gray to black in color,
peels off easily in thin strips or flakes, exposing the fresh surface of a
different color underneath the older bark; the average girth of the main stem
is about 70 cm; the main trunk is divided into 2 to 7 scaffolds very near the
base.
Leaves light
green, 10 to13 mm long, 3 mm wide; simple, subsessile, closely set in pinnate
fashion along branchlets imparting the branches feathery appearance; develop
after the fruit set
Flowers are
monoecious (unisexual), greenish-yellow; 4 to 5 mm in length, growing in
axillary clusters of 6 to 10 (inflorescence), having a very small stalk,
gamosepalous (gamosepalous=having the petals united or joined so as to form a
tube or cup) having 6 lobes at the top; stamens 1 to 3, polyandrous filaments 2
mm long; pistillate flowers (flowers having female organs) fewer, having a
gamopetalous corolla arid a two branched style; both staminate flowers (flowers
having male organs) and pistillate flowers are borne on the same branch, but
the staminate flowers occur towards the apices of small branches.
Fruit is
nearly spherical, fleshy, 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter, 5 to 7 g in weight, about
5 ml in volume; light greenish yellow, quite smooth with six vertical stripes
or furrows. Ripening in autumn
Seed (stone) six
ribbed, splitting into three segments, each containing usually two seeds; seeds
4 to 5 mm long, 2 to 3 mm wide, each weighing 572 mg, 590 microlitres in
volume, citron green in color [10], [11], [12]
Microscopic Structure
Fruit
Transverse section of mature fruit shows an epicarp
consisting of single layer of epidermis and 2-4 layers of hypodermis; epidermal
cell, tabular in shape, covered externally with a thick cuticle and appear in
surface view as polygonal; hypodermal cells tangentially elongated,
thick-walled, smaller in dimension than epidermal cells; mesocarp forms bulk of
fruit, consisting of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces,
peripheral 6-9 layers smaller, ovoid or tangentially elongated while rest of
cells larger in size, isodiametric and radially elongated; several collateral
fibrovascular bundles scattered throughout mesocarp consisting of xylem and
phloem; xylem composed of tracheal elements, fibre tracheids and xylem fibres;
tracheal elements show reticulate scalariform and spiral thickenings; xylem
fibres elongated with narrow lumen and pointed end; mesocarp containslarge
aggregates of numerous irregular silica crystals.
Powder:
Fine powder shows epidermis with uniformly thickened
straight walled
isodiametric parenchyma cells with irregular thickened
walls, occasionally short fibres and tracheids. [13]
Parts used
Fruit in Indian medicine and root in Chinese medicine. All
parts of the plant are used in various Aayurvedic herbal preparations.
Phytochemistry
Although fruits are reputed to contain high amounts of
ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 400 to 500 mg/100g of pulp, the overall antioxidant
strength of Aamalakee may be derived from its high content of ellagitannins
such as emblicanin A, emblicanin B, punigluconin and pedunculagin. It also
contains punicafolin and phyllemblin, bioflavonoids and superoxide dismutase
(SOD) one of the most powerful cellular antioxidants.
Essential therapeutic chemicals and the other master
molecules make this fruit a mainstay for Tibetan healers and Indian herbalists.
Independent schools of medicine and pharmacy have
determined a broad spectrum of useful chemicals.
Fresh fruits contain gallic acid, gallotannins, ellagic
acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid and amino acids, polyphenols,
kaempferol, quercetin and trace minerals.
Aamalaa contains excellent amino acid concentrations in
large amounts in addition to a wide range of naturally occurring phytonutrients
and essential amino acids.
Minerals: Fe, Ca, Mg, K, silica.
Vitamins: C, nicotinic acid, B12, Carotene, Riboflavin
Dried fruits
have tannins and 3-4 colloidal complexes. Other components are phyllemblic
acid, lipids, emblicol, mucic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid and glucose.
Seeds contain
a fixed oil, phosphatides, some essential oil with linolenic, linoleic, oleic,
stearic, palmitic, myristic acids. Seeds also contain D-glucose,
D-fructose, Myoinositol, Pectin, D-galacturonic acid, D-xylosyl, L-rhamnosyl,
D-glucosyl, D-mannosyl, Embicol.
Aamalakee is
one of the richest sources of vitamin C. Its fresh juice contains nearly twenty
times the quantity of vitamin C as orange juice. Vitamin C content of a single
Aamalaa is equivalent to that in two oranges. Natural vitamin C is more quickly
assimilated than the synthetic vitamin. [14], [15]
Classification
of Chemicals found in Fresh Fruit of Aamalakee (Emblica officinalis)
Alkaloids
|
Phyllanthine, Phyllemblin, Phyllantidine
|
Amino Acids
|
Glutamic acid, Proline, Aspartic acid, Alanine,
Cystine, Lysine
|
Carbohydrates
|
Pectin
|
Vitamins
|
Vitamin C, Nicotinic acid, Vitamin B12, Carotene,
Riboflavin
|
Flavonoids
|
Kaempferol, Quercetin
|
Organic Acids
|
Citric acid
|
Phenolic Compounds
|
Gallic acid, Methyl gallate, Ellagic acid, Trigallayl
glucose
|
Hydrolysable Tannins
|
Emblicanin A and B, Punigluconin, Pedunculagin,
Chebulinic acid (Ellagitannin), Chebulagic acid (Benzopyran tannin),
Corilagin (Ellagitannin), Geraniin (Dehydroellagitannin), Ellagotannins
|
Lipids
|
|
Minerals
|
Iron, Calcium, Magnessium, Sodium, Potassium, Silica
|
[16]
Identity, Purity, Strength
(1)
Foerign Matter: Not more than 3 percent (Including seed and seed coat)
Total Ash: Not more
7 percent
Acid-insoluble
ash: Not more than 2 per cent
Alcohol-soluble
extractive: Not less than 40 per cent
Water-soluble
extractive: Not less than 50 per cent [17]
(2) Standards accepted by I.P. in 2010
Tests Foreign organic matter: Not more than 3 per cent.
Ethanol-soluble extractive: Not less than 30 per cent.
Water-soluble extractive: Not less than 40 per cent.
Total Ash: Not more
than 5.0 per cent.
Acid-insoluble ash: Not more than 2.0 per cent.
Heavy metals: 1.0
g complies with the limit test for heavy metals.
Loss on drying: Not more than 12.0 per cent, determined on
5 g by drying in an oven at 105º.
Microbial contamination:
Complies with the microbial contamination tests.
Assay-- Determine
by liquid chromatography [18]
Cytological Identity
16 Chromosome counts in Emblica officinalis Gaertn [19]
Genetic study
By using RAPD marker method the genetic identity of Emblica officinalis has been established accurately. [20]
Limitations of morphological and phytochemical
identification of medicinal plants have created the needs for identification of
correct genotype. Recently DNA based markers for identification of Emblica officinalis have been developed. Random Amplified
Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique is used to generate Sequence Characterized
Amplified Region (SCAR) marker specific for Emblica
officinalis [21]
Popularly known as amala, two species viz. Phyllanthus emblica (Emblica officinalis) and Phyllanthus indofischeri are like dead ringers. Their morphology
and reproductive features are so identical that they are cultivated
sympatrically in commercial orchards. Introduction of unauthentic clones and
seedlings and differences in the growth of these two species under different
elevations are the major constraints in identification.
What is amalake in Ayurveda is taxonomically Phyllanthus emblica/ Emblica
officinalis. For want of taxonomical identification though Phyllanthus indofischeri is sold as aamalakee,
taxonomically it is adulterant!
Having studied the morphology, vegetative and
reproductive features under different elevations, the researchers developed a
simple molecular tool for precise identification of these two species based on
single nucleotide polymorphism in trnL
(UAA) intron sequences of chloroplast DNA. The genomic identification has
confirmed that aamalakee orchards have 76% population of Phyllanthus indofischeri and 24% of Phyllanthus emblica. I
apprehend then aamalakee (aamala) sold in commercial market is adulterated and
not taxonomical P.
emblica/ E.
officinalis! [22]
Safety Tests
No safety data for each specific species of herb is
available. Here are general guidelines:
Heavy Metals:
Arsenic: Not more than 5.0 mg/kg
Mercury: Not more than 0.5mg/kg
Lead: Not more than 10.0 mg/kg
Chromium: Not more than 0.3 mg/kg
Microbial Limits:
Total bacterial
count:
Not more
than 105cfu/g
Total yeast and mould
count:
Not more
than 104cfu/g
Bile tolerant gram negative bacteria:
Not more
than 104cfu/g
Specific Pathogens:
Salmonella
spp: Absent in 25 g
Escherichia
coli: Absent in 1g
Staphylococcus
aureus: Absent in 1g
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Absent in 1g [23]
Properties and Pharmacology
Ayurvedic
properties
Ganas (Classical Catagories)
Charaka Ganas: None
Sushruta+Ganas: None
Energetics
Rasa: (Taste): Madhur (Sweet), Amla (Sour), Tikta
(Bitter), Katu (Acrid, Pungent), Kashaaya (Astringent)
Weerya/Virya (Energy
State): Sheeta
(Cooling)
Wipaaka/ Vipak (End
result, Post digestive effect): Madhura
(Sweet)
Prabhaawa/ Prabhav (Special Effect,
Prominent Effect): Tridosha
Shaamaka (Pacifies three Doshas), Rasaayana (Adaptogen)
Note: Here I wish to clarify the meaning
of these technical words:
Virya (Weerya): Potency, power, vigor
Vipak (Wipaak): After
digestion change of taste. The food we take is acted upon by jatharagni
(digestive activity) and the taste of the food changes. The original rasa
(taste) changes to vipak (new or same taste.)
Prabhav (Prabhaawa): Effect, prominent, peculiar or special action of an herb;
innate and specific
property.
Gunas (Qualities): Laghu (light),
Rooksha (severe, harsh, haggard, drying effect
etc.),
Sheeta (cooling),
Ruchya (enhances interest in
food),
Anulomana(prokinetic, carminative),
Sara (laxative),
Deepana- agniwardhak (appetizer),
Paachana (digestant),
Swedahara (reduces sweating),
Medohara (reduces fat, lowers cholesterol,
useful for the treatment of obesity),
Chakshushya (beneficial for eyes and eyesight),
Twachya (improves luster and glow of the skin),
Kushthaghna (?’cures’ leprosy),
Keshya (beneficial for hair growth),
Wayahsthaapaka (age-stabilizer, anti-aging),
Dehawidhaarana (sustains dhaatus, tissues
so as to maintain youthfulness and prolong good quality of life),
Paushtika (nurtures tissues),
Balya (imparts strength to tissues),
Jarawyaadhiwinaashana-rasaayana ( delays aging, prevents and cures many
illnesses, adaptogen). Due to sheeta weerya and madhur wipaaka it increasea
virility,
Wrishya (aids in seminal ejaculation),
Waajeekara (aphrodisiac),
Shukrala (increases production of sperm and
semen)
Effects on Doshas: Pitta, Kapha,
(mainly) and also Waata.
Passifies three Doshas: Waata by
virtue of amla-rasa (sour taste) and madhura-rasa (sweet taste), Pitta by virtue of madhura rasa (sweet taste) and sheeta weerya
(cooling effect) and Kapha by virtue of kashaaya rasa (astringent
taste) and rookshatwa (drying effect)
Actions on Dhaatus (Tissues): Rasa (Lymph), Rakta (Blood), Maansa
(Muscles), Meda (fat), Asthi (Bones and Skeleton), Majjaa (Bone marrow), Shukra
(Semen)
Actions on Srotas (Systems): Mainly Hemopoetic System
The Ayurvedic
text Bhav-Prakash describes Aamalakee as:
हन्ति वांत तदम्लत्वात् पित्तं माधुर्यशैत्यतः |
कफं रुक्षकषायत्वात् फलं धात्र्यारित्रदोषजित् ||
Free
rendition: By virtue of its sour taste, the fruit of Aamalakee pacifies Waata,
by sweet taste and cooling property pacifies Pitta and by astringent taste and
drying property pacifies Kapha. [24]
Some more
information from the research on Ayurveda
1. Enhances
food absorption
2. Relieves
hyperacidity
3. Supports
and strengthens the functions of the liver
4. Beneficial
for the functions of the nervous system, enhances mental functions, cognitive
function, intelligence and memory (acquisition, retention and recall)
5. Imparts
luster and sheen to the skin, lightens the complexion and prevents premature
wrinkling,
6. Improves
the color and texture of hair
7. Strengthens
lungs, prevents upper and lower respiratory infections
8. Beneficial
to heart and circulatory system
9. Enhances
immunity
10.
Cytoprotective, benefits diabetic and cancer patients
11. Flushes
out toxins
12. Enhances
vitality and fertility
13. Very
potent adaptogen, rejuvenator and prevents premature aging [25]
Modern View
The taste of Indian gooseberry is sour, bitter and
astringent. Chew the pulp for a while and sip water thereafter. All the
pristine tastes will vanish and a sweet after taste will dominantly linger in
the mouth. (What is the explanation? The saliva digests starch in the berry to
dextran and to some elementary sugars.)
Though an apple provides an important antioxidant vitamin
C, as well as anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral benefits; this
magical nutritional giant from the Himalayan Mountain may be set to take over
the US health market.
Aamalakee fruit is known for an extremely concentrated
source of Vitamin
C and immune enhancing
chemicals. Ascorbigen molecules are inherent in Aamalakee fruit. The
ascorbigens are a part of the tannin group creating a protective capsule
surrounding the master Vitamin C molecules, which elevates Aamalakee fruit as a
major Vitamin C nutrient source versus more common and less healthy synthetic
vitamin varieties.
Aamalakee fruit is known for the potent combination of
gallic acid, ellagic acid, plus emblicanin A and emblicanin B. Working together
thicombination can be a source for reducing common oxidative stress and
cellular stress, scavenging immune-dangerous free-radicals and a mild natural
detoxification of the body.
Quercetin
Molecular formula: C15H10O7
Structural formula:
Quercetin is a flavonoid (plant pigment) exhibiting a
wide range of biological and pharmacodynamic activities. Quercetin is found in fruits,
vegetables, leaves, grains and various types of honey. It is found in red wine,
onions, green tea, apples, berries, Ginkgo
biloba and
St. John’s wort. It
mainly occurs in plants as glycoside such as rutin. It occurs in tea as
quercetin rutinoside. It
is used in beverages and as a food supplements. Quercetin exhibits many actions similar to those of
rutin.
Quercetin belongs to a group of nonsteroidal compounds
known as phytostestrogens derived from plants. In plants they are involved in
energy production. In mammals they exhibit strong antioxidant properties. Its
important pharmacological action is vasoprotection for which it is incorporated
in vasoprotectant herbal proprietary preparations.
Quercetin is anti-inflammatory (hence used in
fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis and gout). It is anti-oxidant,
anti-microbial and anti-viral. It inhibits reverse transcriptase, part of the
replication process of retrovirus. It is anti-allergic. Hence is used in hay fever,
bronchial asthma and eczema. It is used to treat diabetes and metabolic
syndrome. It is monoamine-oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. It is used in treating
dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. It is also used to boost immunity, increase
endurance and improve athletic performance.
Quercetin competitively binds to bacterial DNA-gyrase.
Hence it is contraindicated with some antibiotics especially fluoroquinolones.
In-vitro quercetin impairs angiogenesis and
steroidogenesis in swine granulosa cell tumor. It does not directly affect the
granulosa cell growth. It inhibits progesterone production and modifies
estradiol production in the dose related manner. In addition, by inhibiting
VEGF production it interferes with the process of angiogenesis. [26], [27]
Cadmium is one of the potent cardiotoxic heavy metal in
the environment. It induces oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and membrane
disturbances in cardiac muscle. In rats cadmium was administered at the dose of
5mg/kg/day for 4 weeks to induce toxicity. The cardiotoxicity was indicated by
dyslipidemia, increased levels of cardiac marker enzymes such as creatine
kinase-MB, aspertate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase
and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. The levels of lipid peroxidation, SOD,
catalase, GSH in the heart were significantly increased and the levels of
non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E were
significantly decreased. But the rats treated simultaneously with 50mg/kg/day
with quercetin were significantly protected as was evident by biochemical
parameters. The histological study also confirmed the biochemical findings.
[28]
Quercetin is a flavonoid found in Aamalakee (E.
officinalis). By inhibiting HCV NS3 protease activity quercetin acts as an
anti-HCV agent. Quercetin inhibits HCV RNA replication. This activity of
quercetin is dose dependant. Can Aamalakee be used to treat HCV infection? More
research work is necessary in this regard. [29]
The quercetin paradox
Acting as antioxidant, quercetin protects tissues. The metabolites generated
during the process are harmful to many other tissues. This is the dark side of
the bright coin, quercetin. Quercetin protects the lung cell line against
oxidative damage but the products of this process react with GSH (glutathione)
lowering its concentration. This depletion of GSH can be harmful. This is ‘The
quercetin paradox”. It is human tendency to use benevolent antioxidant in
higher and higher doses; but the point to ponder is, high doses of quercetin do
not alter plasma antioxidant/oxidant balance i. e. REDOX status (REDuction -
OXidation status). On the contrary, higher doses of quercetin can be
detrimental to the body tissues. (The quercetin paradox)
Additional information:
While protecting against free radicals, quercetin, the
free radical scavenging antioxidant is converted into oxidation products. The
main oxidation product of quercetin displays a high reactivity towards thiols,
which can lead to the loss of protein function. The quercetin paradox is that in
the process of offering protection against free radicals, quercetin is
converted into potential toxic products. The quercetin paradox in living cells
implies that quercetin directs oxidative dmage selectively to thiol arylation (introduction of one or more aryl
groups into a compound). In short the quercetin paradox means the exchange of
damage caused by quercetin and its metabolites in living lung cells.
Therefore the potential toxicity of metabolites formed
during the actual antioxidant activity of free radical scavengers should be
considered in antioxidant supplementation. [30]
That Ayurvedic drugs are safe, having no side effects
(untoward reactions) is a myth. No sane practitioner shall fall in the trap of
this dictum and cross the limit of recommended dose of any Ayurvedic drug.
Gallic acid
Molecular formula: C7H6O5
Structural formula:
Gallic acid is a type of phenolic acid found in gallnuts,
sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark and other plants. Salts and esters of
gallic acid are termed gallates; but it does not contain gallium.
Gallic acid was first studied by the Swedish chemist Carl
Wilhelm Scheele in 1786. The French chemist and pharmacist Henri Braconnot
devised the method of purification of gallic acid from galls in 1818. [31]
Gallic acid shows
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral (especially against
rhinovirus that causes common cold) and antifungal activity. It shows
antimutagenic effect and anti-cancer properties.[32], [33]
Gallic
acid possesses significant anti-inflammatory properties and prevents the
expression of inflammatory chemicals including cytokines and histamine.
Therefore gallic acid may be used to treat allergies.
Antioxidant
property of gallic acid can protect the liver from toxic effects of hepatotoxic
chemicals and metabolites.
Fungi
such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produce aflatoxin. Gallic acid has the
ability to inhibit the enzymes responsible for the production of aflatoxin by
fungi, thereby acting as an antifungal agent.
Gallic
acid can trigger the secretion of insulin by the pancreatic cells thereby
helping diabetic patients.
A study
published in “Pharmaceutical Research” showed that gallic acid produced
apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. However the results have not been proven in
actual clinical practice. [34]
Mechanism
of action of Gallic acid:
Gallic
acid inhibits activation of NF-kB and Akt signaling pathways along with the
activity of COX, ribonucleotide reductase and GSH.
Gallic
acid activates ATM kinase signaling pathways to prevent the processes of
carcinogenesis. The inhibitory effect of gallic acid on cancer cell growth is
mediated via the modulation of genes which encodes for cell cycle, metastasis,
angiogenesis and apoptosis.
The data
so far available indicates that gallic acid could be a promising agent for
cancer chemoprevention. [35]
Gallotannins also known as Tannic acid
Molecular formula: C76H52O46
Structural formula:
Ellagic acid is a natural polyphenol antioxidant.
Ellagic acid was first discovered by chemist Henri
Braconnot in 1831. Maxmillan Nierenstein prepared it from oak bark, pomegranate
and myrobalans (aamalakee).
The highest levels of ellagic acid is found in oak bark,
pomegranate, aamalakee, yellow myrobalan, blackberries, cranberries,
raspberries, strawberries, walnuts, grapes and peach.
Ellagic acid has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant,
anti-proliferative and chemoprotective properties. It is a useful supplement in
the treatment of bacterial and viral infections.
Ellagic acid can prevent skin wrinkling.
Ellagic acid reduces blood pressure and carotid artery
wall thickness, thereby preventing carotid artery stenosis.
Ellagic acid directly inhibits the DNA binding of certain
carcinogens. By reducing oxidative stress ellagic acid acts as a
chemoprotective agent.
In a clinical trial ellagic acid reduced the rate of
chemotherapy-associated neutropenia in patients receiving chemotherapy for
prostate cancer. However ellagic acid supplementation did not improve overall
progression-free survival of patients with prostate cancer in this trial
The results of supplementation of ellagic acid in cancer
patients are so nebulous that the US FDA has declared ellagic acid as a “Fake
cancer cure” [38], [39], [40]
Chebulagic acid
Molecular formula: C41H30O27
Structural formula:
Chebulagic acid is a benzopyran tannin.
Chebulagic acid is found in Terminalia chebula, Terminalia citrina and Terminalia
catappa.
Chebulagic acid is antioxidant, immunosuppressive,
hepatoprotective and a potent alphaglucosidase inhibitor.
Chebulagic acid is shown to be active against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida
albicans. [41]
Recent study shows that chebulagic acid is COX-LOX
inhibitor. Chebulagic acid shows antiviral activity against Human Enterovirus
71, Herpes simplex virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. [42], [43], [44]
In one in
vitro study
chebulagic acid was shown to be inhibitor of angiogenesis [45]
Chebulagic acid shows anti-proliferative activity.
Chebulinic acid
Molecular formula: C41H32O27
Structural formula:
Chebulinic acid is ellagitannin found in the seeds of Euphorbia longana,
in the fruits of Terminalia
chebula and
in the leaves of Terminalia
macroptera. [46]
Chebulinic acid has antihypertensive activity. This
effect is probably mediated via the decrease in cardiac output resulting from
reduced left ventricular contraction
Chebulinic acid has anti-secretary and cyto-protective
effect. [47], [48]
Chebulinic acid has
inhibitory effect on erythroid differentiation. Chebulinic acid might influence
the efficiency of some anti-tumor drugs-induced differentiation or the
hematopoesis process. [49]
Kaempferol
Molecular formula: C15H10O6
Structural formula:
Kaempferol is a natural flavonol. It is a yellow
crystalline solid with a melting point of 2760 to 2780 C, slightly soluble in water but freely
soluble in hot ethanol and diethyl ether.
Kaempferol is found in tea, apples, tomato, strawberries,
grapes, beans, cabbage and many other plants.
Kaempferol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
antibacterial, antiallergic, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant,
analgesic, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anti-osteoporotic, estrogenic and
anticancer activities.
The consumption foods
containing kaempferol reduces the risk of developing several disorders such as
depression, neurodegeneration, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes,
lung fibrosis, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer etc. [50]
Ellagitannins
Molecular formula: C116H76O74
Structural formula:
The ellagitannins are a class of hydrolysable tannins.
Ellagitannins are found in raspberries. [51]
Medicinal uses
of ellagitannins
are similar to those of ellagic acid.
Emblicanin
Molecular formula: C34H22O22
Structural formula:
Emblicanins are a type of polyphenolic antioxidant found
in Aamalakee (Emblica officinalis). Emblicanin is different from most
other antioxidants as it is a pro-oxidation free cascading antioxidant.
Pro-oxidants are chemicals that induce
oxidative stress either by generating reactive oxygen species or by inhibiting
antioxidant systems.
Many antioxidants intrinsically have a pro-oxidant
action, especially in the presence transition metals like iron and copper. Through
a series of reaction with oxygen species, iron causes highly toxic hydroxyl
radical with a subsequent cell damage. It means that the antioxidants which are
meant to scavenge free radicals, themselves create free radicals.
Emblicanin utilizes a multilevel cascade of antioxidant
compounds resulting in a prolongation of its antioxidant capabilities.
Emblicanin A aggressively seeks and attacks free
radicals. After neutralizing a free radical emblicanin A is transformed into
emblicanin B which in turn attacks free radicals and is transformed into
Emblicanin oligomers. This makes emblicanins one of the best free radical
scavenging antioxidant. [52]
Pro-oxidation free natural antioxidant like emblicanin
has broad spectrum activity. It is chelator for iron and copper. It eliminates
transitional metal-induced oxidative damage. It is an excellent adaptogen and
age-defying agent. It inhibits collagenase activity. It stimulates
non-collagenic proteins. It reduces and repairs UV-induced skin damage. It lightens
the skin color. [53]
Punigluconin
Molecular formula: C34H26O23
Structural formula:
Punigluconin is an ellagitannin, a polyphenol. It is
found in Aamalakee (Emblica officinalis), pomegranate (Punica
granatum). Its pharmacological actions and medicinal uses are similar to
those of ellagitannin. [54]
Pedunculagin
Molecular formula: C34H24O22
Structural formula:
Pedunculagin is an ellagitannin, a polyphenol.
It is found in Aamalakee (Emblica officinalis), Pomegranate (Punica
granatum) and Walnuts (Juglans regia). Its pharmacological actions
and medicinal uses are similar to those of ellagitannin. It is a highly active
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. [56]
The patients of atopic dermatitis (AD) receiving
pedunculagin show faster and greater improvement.
Natural materials like pedunculagin are now showing
promise for medical application. Many studies are now undertaken to explore
this potential. [57]
In one study
pedunculagin showed the dose dependent cytotoxicity against chronic myelogenous
(myeloid or myelocytic) leukemia (K-562), human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60),
mouse lymphoid neoplasm (P388), mouse lymphocytic leukemia (L1210) and mouse
sarcoma 180 (S180) cell lines. The most sensitive cell line to pedunculagin was
HL-60. [58]
Phyllemblin
Molecular formula: C9H10O5
Structural formula:
Synonyms: Ethylgallate, Nipagallin A, Progallin A, Nipa
48
Phyllemblin is ethyl gallate, ethyl ester of gallic acid.
It is found in Emblica
officinalis, walnuts, Terminalia
chebula etc.
It can be found in wine. [59]
Emblica officinalis has antibacterial activity. Its cardio-tonic activity is
more like the actions of adrenalin. It shows expectorant activity, but its
isolated constituents like gallic acid, tannins, ascorbic acid, phyllemblin do
not show expectorant activity. After extensive study, Boyd and Pearson
attribute the expectorant activity of Emblica
officinalis to
direct stimulation of bronchial glands
A pure crystalline substance ‘phyllemblin’ isolated from
the alcoholic extract of Emblica
officinalis has
many potent pharmacodynamic actions.
The pharmacodynamic actions of phyllemblin are grouped
into two classes
1. Direct action on various systems
2. Indirect actions via potentiation of the actions of
adrenaline
Direct actions: (A) Phyllemblin brings about
contraction of the nictitating membrane (B) Phyllemblin stimulates the isolated
heart of rabbit, causes short rise in BP in cat, increases cardiac output of
frog’s heart (C) Phyllemblin reduces the outflow of the perfused isolated hind
limb of rat and ear of rabbit (D) Phyllemblin exerts antisposmodic action on
intestinal smooth muscle and seminal vesicles of rat.
Indirect actions: Although pharmacodynamic
actions of phyllemblin are similar to actions of adrenaline, it in fact
resembles ephedrine in its ability to potentiate adrenaline. Phyllemblin has no
effect on capillary permeability.
Phyllemblin is well tolerated by mice up to 100 mg/kg
when injected intraperitoneally and up to 500mg/kg when administered orally.
Beyond that dose however the animals become drowsy and dull but become active
after one to three hours. [60]
Ethyl gallate (Progallin A)
Molecular formula: C9H1005
Structural formula:
Recently Progallin A is isolated from ether part of
leaves of Phyllanthus emblica (E. officinalis). Its
pharmacology is discussed below. (Vide: actions on the liver)
Some testimonials from modern research
General Pharmacology
Extracts of Emblica
officinalis fruits
were found to possess potent antipyretic activity. In experimental rats a
single oral dose (500mg/kg i.p.) of ethanol or aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis fruit significantly reduced
hyperthermia induced by brewer’s yeast. This activity is attributed to the
presence of tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, aminiacids and
carbohydtates. [62]
In in
vitro and in vivo studies the methanolic extract of roots
of E. officinalis significantly neutralized the Vipera russellii venom-induced hemorrhage, coagulant,
defibrinogenating and inflammatory activities. The extract also antagonized the Naja kauthia venom-induced hemorrhage, coagulant,
defibrinogenating and inflammatory activities. [63]
To evaluate the radioprotective effect of the extract of E. officinalis,
Swiss albino mice were exposed to 5 Gy γ rays. The extract of E. officinalis 100 mg/kg body weight was administered
orally every day for 7 days prior to radiation while the control group did not
receive any treatment before radiation. Histopathology of a piece of jejunum
was studied in both the groups from 12 hours to 30 days duration. In the
animals of control group the crypt population, the mitotic figures and villus
length were markedly reduced. Animals receiving pre treatment had a higher
number of crypt cells and mitotic figures. Furthermore there was a significant
depletion in lipid peroxidation and elevation in glutathione and catalase levels
showing protective effect of E.
officinalis against
radiation. [64]
Actions on the Skin
As the skin ages the
charming youthful sheen fades away. Aging may be the simple chronological event
in our life, but the photo-aging is induced by exposure to the sun. The
exposure to the UV/ solar radiation generates free radicals which induce
mitochondrial damage, telomere based DNA damage, genetic mutations and decrease
of many hormonal levels. Due this the aging skin displays epidermal thickness
of varying degree, degeneration in the elasticity of dermis, reduced collagen,
increased matrix degrading metalloproteinases, telangiectases, various
inflammations and inflammatory infiltrates, ectasia of blood vessels and severe
atrophy. Vitamin C, quercetin, polyphenols, elagic acid, flavones found in E. officinalis are free radical scavengers par
excellence. By scavenging the free radicals these chemical constituents
antagonize the UV signaling pathway, inhibit elastase activity and expression
of metalloproteinases and increase of expression of procollagen type I. Thus
the chemical constituents of E.
officinalis not
only prevent/arrest/retard the aging of the skin but also reverse the skin
aging. In Ayurveda, Aamalakee (E. officinalis) is extolled as alterative,
restorative, rejuvenator and adaptogen par excellence. Modern research
validates these claims. [65]
A topical formulation containing kjoic acid, extract of
emblica officinalis and glycolic acid was found to possess skin lightening
ability. This formulation is alternative to 4% hydroxyquinone cream. [66]
The standardized extract of Phyllanthus emblica (Emblica officinalis) was found to have a
long-lasting and broad-spectrum anti-oxidant activity. E. officinalis protects the skin from damaging effects
of free radicals and transition metal-induced oxidative stress; therefore it is
suitable for use anti-aging, sun- screen and general skin care products.
[67]
Aamalakee AKA Aawalaa (Emblica officinalis) has
been used in various hair care products. There is no enough convincing data for
these claims.
Wound healing
Throughout wound healing the wound is rich in oxidants.
Due to its potent antioxidant property, E.
officinalis extract
provides protection for dermal fibroblasts against oxidative stress. The
extract stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts and production of procollagen.
Thus antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tannins, emblicanin A and emblicanin B
are useful in wound healing. [68]
Antioxidant activity
Active tannoid principles of E. officinalis such as emblicanin A, emblicanin B,
penigluconin, pedunculagin, show a strong antioxidant activity. In experiments
on rat, oral administration of E.
officinalis tannoids
10 and 20 mg for 21 days were effective in scavenging oxidative free radical scavenging
enzymes in rat brain frontal cortex and striatum. The results specify that the
tannoids found in E.
officinalis fruit
have properties like vitamin C. [69]
E. officinalis ameliorates
alcohol-induced oxidative stress which is attributed to effects of phytophenols
such as tannins, flavonoids and vitamin C.[70]
Anti-inflammatory activity
In one study the water fraction of methanol extract of
the leaves of E.
officinalis showed
anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenan and dextran-induced rat paw edema.
[71]
In another study on animal model, acute and chronic
inflammation was induced by using carrageenan and cotton pellets. Phenolic
compounds from E. officinalis at 20 and 40mg/kg body weight doses
were used to treat the inflammations. The results indicated that both acute and
chronic inflammations regressed at high doses. The results were comparable to
diclofenac. [72]
In an experimental study acute rat paw inflammation was
induced by using carrageenan and acute peritonitis was induced by using acetic
acid. In carrageenan induced edema though Phyllanthus
emblica (E.
officinalis) was useful to regress the edema, the combination of Phyllanthus emblica (Aamalakee, Indian gooseberry),
Plumbago zeylanica (Chitraka, White leadwort) and Cyperus rotundus (Naagarmothaa, Nut grass) (20.64%) was
more effective. The results of the combination were comparable to aspirin
(23.74%). In the acetic acid induced peritonitis the combination was
significantly effective than the single herb. [73]
Immunomodulatory activity
Vitamin C of E.
officinalis improves
splenic natural killer cell activity and antibody dependent cytotoxicity in
mice. [74]
In one study chromium (VI) was used as an
immunosuppressive agent. Chromium (VI) caused cytotoxicity (apoptosis and DNA
fragmentation) produced free radicals and lipid peroxidation, decreased GPx
activity, reduced GSH levels, inhibited lymphocyte proliferation. E. officinalis significantly inhibited free radical
production, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and restored the antioxidant status
back to control level. Thus E.
officinalis significantly
inhibited immunosuppressive effects of chromium (VI). [75]
Recently a study was carried out to investigate the
protective role of E.
officinalis against
arsenic induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymocytes of mice. Sodium
arsenite was administered to mice at the dose of 3mg/kg body weight and
simultaneously E.
officinalis was
administered at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. The study showed
that the animals were protected by concomitant treatment with E. officinalis
against the oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymocytes. [76]
Actions on Hematopoietic System
Oral administration of E.
officinalis before
exposure to γ radiation was found to be effective in protecting Swiss albino
mice against hematological and biochemical changes occurring in peripheral
blood following radiation. A significant increase in the RBC, WBC, Hb and
hematocrit values was observed. E.
officinalis also
inhibited the symptoms of radiation sickness. [77]
In another study on Swiss albino mice, the animals were
treated with E.
officinalis 2.5
g/kg body weight for 10 days before irradiation and were exposed to a single
dose of 700 rads after the last dose of E.
officinalis. To another group E. officinalis was continued for 15
days after irradiation. Study of Hb, WBC count and bone marrow viability
indicated that E.
officinalis protected
the hematopoietic system of the animals. [78]
The arsenic contamination has occurred in ground water.
Its accumulation in plants has assumed a menacing proportion in food and herbal
medicinal preparations. The contamination is associated with immune-related
health problems.
A study was focused to explore the efficacy of E. officinalis against arsenic-induced splenomegaly in
mice. Oral administration of arsenic (3mg/kg body weight for 30 days) in mice
caused oxidative damage.
Simultaneous oral administration of E. officinalis with arsenic at the dose of 500mg/kg
body weight for 30 days decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation (33%), ROS
(24%), capsase-3 activity (1.4 fold) and increased levels of SOD (80%),
catalase (47%), cell viability (63%) and mitochondrial membrane potential
(66%). Thus E.
Officinalis counters
the oxidative effects of arsenic. [79]
In one study hematological changes were induced in Swiss
albino rats by exposing them to 6.0 Gy of γ radiation with or without lead
acetate administration. Some animals received E. officinalis seven
days prior to exposure and lead acetate and some did not. The animals receiving
pre-treatment with E.
officinalis, exhibited less hematopoietic damage as compared to the
animals not receiving pre-treatment. This shows that E. officinalis is potent enough to protect the animals
from lead and radiation induced hematopoietic changes. [80]
Actions on Musculoskeletal System
An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that resorbs bone
tisse. This function is critical in the maintainance, repair and remodeling of
bones of the vertebral skeleton. Osteoclasts are involved in RA and several
pathologies associated with boneloss. Fas is a type-2 transmembrane protein.
Its binding with its receptor induces apoptosis. The Fas receptor is a death
receptor on the surface of cells that leads to apoptosis. It is one of two
apoptosis pathways, the other being the mitochondrial pathway. E. officinalis extracts by interfering with NF-kB
increase the expression of levels of Fas. Thus E. officinalis fruit
extracts were able to induce apoptosis of osteoclasts, without altering the
process of osteoclastogenesis. This induction of apoptosis of osteoclasts could
be a novel approach for the treatment of RA and several other bone-destruction
diseases. [81]
Antibacterial activity
The chloroform soluble methanolic extract of E. officinalis displayed significant antimicrobial
activity against Gram positive and Gram negative pathogenic bacteria. E.
officinalis displays potent anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, K. ozaenae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A and B, Serratia
marcescens.
In experimental animal model Saini et al found that
long-term dietary supplementation of E.
officinalis protects
the animals against bacterial colonization of lungs. To understand the actual
mechanism of this activity more study is necessary. E. officinalis plant offers a wealth of research
potential for analytical chemists, pharmaceutical chemists and clinicians to
develop vital drugs for prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. [82],
[83], [84]
The antibacterial activity of various extracts of the
fruit of E.
officinalis can
be summarized as follows:
The acetone extract has maximal antibacterial activity
against Escherichia
coli and Pasteurella multocida.
The methanol extract has maximal antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus.
The aqueous extract has maximal antibacterial against Klebsiella pneumonia.
Of these extracts the acetone extract of fruit of E. officinalis has most potent antibacterial activity
and has maximal antibacterial activity against E. coli than
by other extracts.
E. officinalis is
also active against Staphylococcus
hemolyticus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Micrococcus varians, Bacillus
subtilis. [85]
Antiviral activity
The polyphenolic compound, 1, 2, 4,
6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose isolated from E.
officinalis might
exert anti HSV activity. The exact mechanism of action is not clear. It is
observed that the compound inactivates extracellular viral particles and
inhibits the viral biosynthesis in the host cells. [86]
Antifungal activity
Thaweboon et al demonstrated that ethanolic extract of E. officinalis fruit interferes with the adhesion of
Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells and denture acrylic surfaces.
[87]
Antiprotozoal activity
Pinmai et al found that water extract of Phyllanthus emblica (Emblica officinalis) displays
antimalarial activity. It has very potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum.
This activity is attributed to the presence of flavonoids, hydrolysable
tannins, saponins and terpenes in the fruits of the plant. [88]
Anthelmintic activity
The alcoholic and aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis
show potent anthelmintic activity.[89]
Actions on Nervous System
The Aamalakee churna (the powder of dried berry of Emblica officinalis)
at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight produced a dose dependent
improvement in memory scores of young and aged mice. Furthermore, it reversed
the amnesia induced by 0.4 mg/kg of scopolamine and 1mg/kg of diazepam. The
cholinesterase activity in the brain was reduced by administration of dry
powder of E. officinalis for 15 days.
By virtue of its anticholinesterase activity and
memory-enhancer property E.
officinalis can
be considered for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. [90]
To evaluate the beneficial effect of E. officinalis on impairment of memory in Swiss albino
mice, scopolamine was administered at the dose of 1mg/kg to mice to induce
amnesia. The memory function was assed by using using elevated plus-maze and
passive avoidance test. The animals were divided in four groups. The E. officinalis extract was administered
intraperitoneally in 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg/kg doses for consecutive seven
days to different groups. On eighth day the animals were sacrificed. The brain
malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
activities were determined. It was observed that Emblica officinalis reversed
the scopolamine induced amnesia. This shows that E. officinalis possesses
memory enhancer activity. This is attributed to antioxidants found in the
plant. The potential of E.
officinalis for
the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease needs to be explored. [91]
To evaluate the protective effect of E. officinalis fruit extract against alcohol- induced
brain mitochondrial dysfunction, 5g/kg bodyweight, 20% alcohol was administered
orally for 60 days to male Wistar rats. As expected the rats showed
significantly lowered activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes. Administration
of E. officinalis extract protected the brain against
alcohol-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction. [92]
In one study kainic acid (10mg/kg) was administered to
rats to induce behavioral changes and convulsions in rats. In rats pretreated
with 500 and 700 mg/kg body weight hydroalcoholic extract of E. officinalis significantly increased the latency of
seizures. The hydroalcoholic extract attenuated kainic acid-induced increase in
the TNF-α level in the brain. The extract also improved the cognitive deficit
induced by kainic acid. At the dose of 700mg/kg bodyweight the hydroalcoholic
extract of E.
officinalis was
effective in suppressing kainic acid-induced seizures and cognitive decline.
These effects were due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of E. officinalis.
[93]
In one study on albino rats, E. officinalis extract at the dose of 600mg/kg body
weight produced significant reduction in 6% NaCl induced abdominal writhing.
This showed that E.
officinalis extract
has analgesic activity involving peripheral mechanisms. [94]
Diabetic neuropathy is the worst torture a diabetic can
suffer from; for he can never endure it and can find no respite from it due to
the lack of understanding of its etio-pathology and nonavailability of
convincing drug therapy.
In diabetics the decrease in the nociceptive threshold is
accompanied by significantly increased oxidative stress, nitrite levels and
cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-β1both in the serum and nerves.
In diabetic rats with neuropathy of the sciatic nerve,
insulin corrected the hyperglycemia but did not relieve the pain due to
neuropathy. However treatment with aqueous extract of E. officinalis at doses of 250, 500, 1000mg/kg/day
significantly ameliorated the neuropathy and attenuated the behavioural,
biochemical and molecular alterations in a dose dependent manner. [95]
Actions on the eye
Aldose reductase catalyzes the reduction of toxic lipid
aldehydes to their alcohol products and mediates inflammatory signals triggered
by lipopolysaccharide. Many ophthalmic complications are mediated through
aldose reductase (AR). Recentaly betaglucogallin (BGG) an aldose reductase
inhibitor has been isolated from Aamala (E. officinalis). An
experimental study on rats showed that BGG (from E. officinalis) decreases the
accumulation of sorbitol and prevents or retards the development of cataract
and prevents uveitis. In diabetes aldose reductase causes activation of retinal
microglia, produce pro-inflammatory molecules which bring about changes in
retinal vasculature, increased apoptosis of retinal neurons and glial cells.
BGG from Aamalaa (E. officinalis) prevents or retards diabetic
retinopathy. [96]
The tannoids of E.
officinalis inhibit
aldose reductase activity as well as sorbitol formation in the lens. It is
suggested that tannoids might counter the polyol pathway-induced oxidative
stress. In Wister-NIN rats E.
officinalis also
prevented aggregation and insolubilization of lens proteins caused by
hyperglycemia. Thus E.
officinalis prevents/delays
the development of cataract in diabetic patients.[97]
For years it was thought that ascorbic acid of Aamalakee
was responsible for inhibition of aldose reductase in preventing cataract.
However experiments on rat lens disproved the belief. Recently hydrolysable
tannoids isolated from E.
officinalis are
found to inhibit aldose reductase both in rat lens and human lens. The
inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) by tannoids of E. officinalis is 100 times higher than quercetin.
Furthermore tannoids not only prevented the aldose reductase activation in rat
lens organ culture but also prevented sugar-induced osmotic changes. These
results indicate that diabetics can incorporate into daily life Aamalakee (E.
officinalis) to prevent ophthalmic complications of diabetes. [98]
Actions on CVS
Subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol (isoprenaline)
to rats (85mg/kg body weight/day) induce cardiac toxicity. Pre-treatment with
or concurrent administration of E.
officinalis in
the doses of 100, 250, 500mg/kg bodyweight/day with isoproterenol
(isoprenaline) protect the myocardium from isoproterenol (isoprenaline)
toxicity. This conclusion is supported by the study of myocytes-injury-specific
marker enzymes. Furthermore the histopathological study of myocardium confirmed
the cardio-protective effects of E.
officinalis. The cardioprotective effect of E. officinalis is attributed to antioxidant and
freeradical scavenging activity of the herb. [99]
Administration of E.officinalis fruit homogenate in the dosases of 250,
500 and 750mg/kg body weight to Wister albino rats for 30 days caused
myocardial adaptation by augmenting endogenous antioxidents. This protected the
animals from oxidative stress associated with ischemia-reperfusion
injury.
The results indicate that chronic
Emblica officinalis administration causes myocardial adaptation by augmenting
endogenous antioxidants and protects rat hearts from oxidative stress
associated with ischemic-reperfusion injury. Of three doses the dose of 250
mg/kg was not effective. [100]
In one study oral administration of amla
(E. officinalis) fruit extract at the dose of 50mg/kg body weight
significantly decreased the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
The fruit extract also reduced
lipopolysaccharide induced tissue factor expression and von Willebrand factor
release in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro at clinically relevant
concentrations.
These results suggest that amla (E.officinalis)
fruit displays anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activity. [101]
In one study the endothelial cells were
incubated with 300 microM H2O2. As
expected the cell viability decreased and intracellular ROS levels increased.
Pretreatment of endothelial cells with Phyllanthus emblica significantly
ameliorated the cytotoxic effects of H2O2 and
attenuated the excessive intracellular ROS formation in endothelial cells.
W estern blot analysis revealed that pretreatment with Phyllanthus emblica induced Akt
phosphorylation but did not activate NF-kappaB pathway. This study suggests
that Phyllanthus
emblica can protect human endothelial cells against oxidative
stress and prevent cardiovascular disease. [102]
To evaluate the effects of E. officinalis on serum lipids and
atherogenesis, in Wister albino rats, in one group the animals were fed with
high fat diet. The other group received high fat diet and E. officinalis
extract at the dose of 1gm/kg body weight for eight weeks. The animals
receiving E. officinalis extract showed significant antihyperlipidemic activity
and significant improvement in atherogenic index, comparable to simvastatin.
[103]
Actions on RS
A dose of 50mg/kg bodyweight of E. officinalis extract administered orally to cats
suppressed the cough reflex. The cough suppressive effect was more pronounced
at the dose of 200mg/kg body weight.
The antitussive activity of E. officinalis is
less effective than the conventional narcotic antitussive drug codeine, but
more effective than the non-narcotic antitussive agent dropropizine.
This activity is due not only to anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant and antispasmodic effects of E.
officinalis but
also to its effect on the mucus secretion in the airways. [104]
Actions on GI System
The ethanolic extract of E. officinalis at
60 mg/kg body weight is useful to cure NSAID induced gastritis or gastric ulcer
in mice. The antioxidant property of E.
officinalis is
the key to its therapeutic effect in the treatment of NSAID induced
gastropathy. Intriguingly the dose of 120mg/kg body weight shows adverse
effect. This dose dependent biphasic action is due to swiching from antioxidant
to pro-oxidant shift and immunomodulatory property. It is possible that the
quercetin paradox may be an important factor in this shift. [105]
In experimental studies, gastric ulcer was induced in
rats by using aspirin, ethanol, cold restraint stress and pyloric ligation. The
methanolic extract of E.
officinalis administered
orally to these rats at 10-50mg/kg body weight for 5 days showed dose dependent
protective and healing effect on gastric lesions. The significant healing
effect was observed at the dose of 20mg/kg body weight. Further study on
gastric mucosal factors showed that E.
officinalis significantly
decreased the offencive factors like gastric acid and pepsin secretion and
increased mucin secretion augmenting the protective effect on gastric mucosa.
[106]
In vitro studies
using jejunum and ileum of rats as well as in
vivo studies
in mice show antidiarrheal and antispasmodic effects on castor oil-induced
diarrhea. The effect is possibly mediated through muscarinic action and calcium
channel blockade. [107]
Fresh ripe aamalaa fruits (Emblica
officinalis-Phyllanthus emblica) prokinetic, laxative activity in mice and
spasmodic activity in guinea pigs and rabbits. These activities are mediated
through muscarinic receptors. This explains its role in the treatment of
indigestion and constipation. [108]
To evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus emblica (E. officinalis) on genomic
damage and death of human colon adenocarcinoma cell line COLO 320, the cells
were exposed to RPMI-1640 medium. Phyllanthus
emblica induced
a significant decrease in necrosis and nuclear division index in a dose and
time dependent manner. Phyllanthus
emblica also
significantly increased apoptosis and delayed mitotic progression in COLO 320
cells. [109]
Actions on the Pancreas
To explore the beneficial effects of E. officinalis in pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis was
induced in rats by administering L-arginine injections. The animals were then
treated with E.
officinalis. The serum levels of lipase and interleukin were lower
than in the untreated animals. Nucleic acid content, rate of DNA synthesis,
pancreatic proteins and pancreatic amylase improved significantly. The
researchers claim that E.
officinalis is
beneficial in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. [110]
Actions on the Liver
In experimental animals (Swiss albino mice) 4mg/kg body
weight of arsenic causes hepatopathy. When treated with E. officinalis (500mg/kg body weight) there was a
significant improvement in the levels of liver enzymes suggesting improvement
in liver function. Histopathological study of liver of treated animaals showed
regression in lesions. [111]
DMBA (7, 12-Dimethylbenzanthracene) is an immunosupressor
and a powerful organ-specific carcinogen. To evaluate protective action of E. officinalis against carcinogenesis, E. officinalis extract was administered orally to
Swiss albino mice in doses of 100, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight for 7 days prior
to a single intraperitoneal dose of DMBA which is known to induce genotoxicity.
This pre- treatment significantly increased the levels of antioxidants (GSH,
GPx, and GR) and detoxifying enzymes (GST) in the liver. This shows that E. officinalis offers protection against the
carcinogen. The protection is dose dependent and is maximum at 500mg/kg body
weight. This effect is attributed to antioxidant and detoxifying activity of
the liver. [112]
Aqueous extracts of E.
officinalis have
potency to modulate basal oxidative markers and enhance endogenous antioxidant
defences in hepatocyte cell line (HepG2) [113]
In an experimental study on rats N-nitrosodiethylamine
increased reactive oxygen species production in liver and bile, hepatic Kupffer
cell and leucocyte infiltration, accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine and
4-hydroxynonenal, apoptosis and autophagy and plasma levels of the liver
enzymes ALT, AST and γ-GT. N-nitrosodiethylamine decreased hepatic MnSOD and
catalse protein expression.
N-nitrosodiethylamine enhanced iNOS and cytochrome P450
2E1protein expressions.
E. officinalis significantly
preserved MnSOD and catalase expressions and decreased iNOS and cytochrome P450
2E1protein expressions in N-nitrosodiethylamine-treated liver. E. officinalis decreased hepatic apoptosis and
autophagy enhanced by N-nitrosodiethylamine. This effect is attributed to the
down regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Beclin-1 expression by E. officinalis. Thus E. officinalis via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
anti-apoptosis and anti-autophagy properties counters N-nitrosodiethylamine
induced liver injury.[114]
In an experimental
study hepatocyte damage was caused by exposing mice to arsenic at the dose of
3mg/kg body weight for 30 days. This caused a significant change in the levels
of SGOT, SGPT and creatinine but not in the level of protein. However
co-administration of arsenic and fruit extract of E. officinalis at
the dose of 500mg/kg body weight protected the animals from hepatocyte damage.
This cytoprotective effect was attributed to the antioxidant property of the
fruit of E.
officinalis. [115]
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is hepatotoxic. E. officinalis counters the hepatotoxicity induced by
HCH. [116]
Alcohol is notorious for
hepatotoxicity. Oxidative stress and ROS-mediated toxicity are the key
mechanisms responsible for alcohol-induced hepatic damage and mitochondrial
dysfunction. Administration of fruit extract of E. officinalis at
the dose of 250mg/kg body weight protects the liver from alcohol induced
hepatotoxicity and liver mitochondrial dysfunction. [117]
Progallin A isolated from
ether part of leaves of E.
officinalis has
low toxicity. It strongly inhibits the proliferation of BEL-7004 cells (human
hepatocellular carcinoma cells). The apoptosis rate and the number of apoptotic
cells are significantly increased by Progallin A. Progallin A induces G1/M and
G2/M arrest of BEL-7004(human hepatocellular carcinoma cells) by up-regulation
of Bax expression and down regulation of Bcl-2 expression. [118]
The hydroalcoholic extract
of fruit of E.
officinalis, Aamalaa
(concentration 50%) protects the liver from the hepatotoxicity induced by
antitubercular drugs rifampicin, isonizide and pyrazinzmide either given alone
or in combination. This is due to antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and
CYP2E1inhibitory effect of the fruit extract of E. officinalis. [119]
The hydroalcoholic extract
of fruit of E.
officinalis, Aamalaa
(concentration 50%) reduces the severity of liver fibrosis induced by
carbontetrachloride and thioacetamide. This was supported by improvement it the
serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin.
Other hepatic parameters monitored in the study were glutathione, lipid
peroxidation and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase,
sodium-potassium ATPase and cytochrome P450. The arrest and/or reversal of
profibrogenic events are due to antioxidant activity of E. officinalis.
[120]
Ochratoxins are a group of
mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus
ochraceus, Aspergillus
niger industrial
strains, Penicillium
verrucosum and
Penicillium carbonarius. Ochratoxins are possibly human carcinogens. Exposure
to ochratoxins through diet can cause acute toxicity in mammalian liver and
kidney. [121]
Ochratoxin can cause damage to DNA, RNA and protein
contents in liver and kidney. To investigate the protective effect of aqueous
extract of (E. officinalis) fruit on ochratoxin-induced liver and kidney
damage; ochratoxin toxicity was induced in adult male albino mice. However
administration of aqueous extract of E.
officinalis 2mg/animal/kg/day
for 45 days along with ochratoxin caused significant amelioration in the
ochratoxin-induced toxicity in liver and kidney. [122]
Actions on metabolism
To investigate the effects of E. officinalis on lipid metabolism and protein
expression, a polyphenol rich fraction of E.
officinalis (ethyl
acetate extract) was administered at 10 or 40 mg/kg body weight per day for 100
days to young rats aged 2 months and old rats aged 10 months. The lipid levels
were significantly decreased. The proximose proliferator-activated receptors
(PPARs) are a group of nuclear proteins that function as transcription factors
regulating the expression of genes. The PPARα regulates the transcription of
genes involved in lipid metabolism. Oral administration of E. officinalis significantly increased the hepatic
PPARα protein level, inhibited hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. The results
indicated that E.
officinalis prevented
age related hyperlipidemia through attenuating oxidative stress occurring in
the ageing process. [123]
Oral administration of ethyl acetate extract of E. officinalis at 20 or 40mg/kg body weight for 20
days to rats lowered the elevated levels of total cholesterol and LDL. The
study suggests that E.
officinalis is
effective for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and prevention of
atherosclerosis. [124]
To investigate the effect of amla on fructose-induced
metabolic syndrome, male Wister rats were fed a high-fructose (65%) diet or
standard chow diet for 1 week. They were treated with ethyl acetate extract of
amla at 10 or 20 mg/kg body weight per day for 2 weeks. The treatment reduced
the elevated levels of serum glucose, total cholesterol, hepatic
triacylglycerol (TAG) and blood pressure. The results suggest that amla
ameliorates the high fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. [125]
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a major component of
green tea extract. Oral administration of a mixture of EGCG and Amla extract (E.
officinalis) in 1:1 proportion for 3 months to 13 diabetic-uremic patients
improved antioxidant defence as well as diabetic and atherogenic indices.
In another study administration of Amla extract alone to
diabetic-uremic patients showed the similar effects. [126], [127]
Fluoride causes oxidative stress that can result into
hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Aamalaa (E. officinalis) counters the
toxic effects of fluoride and alleviates the hyperglycemia (diabetes) and
hyperlipidemia. [128], [129]
Antidiabetic activity
The important constituents of Aamalaa (E. officinalis)
such as gallic acid, gallotannin, ellagic acid and corilagin possess
antidiabetic effects through their antioxidant and free radical scavenging
properties. They also prevent the complications of diabetes. [130]
The commercial enzymatic extract of E. officinalis SunAmla (Taiyo Kangaku Co. Ltd,
Yokkaichi, Japan) at 20 or 40mg/kg body weight/day or a polyphenol-rich
fraction of ethyl acetate extract at 10 or 20mg/kg body weight/day for 20 days
normalizes the blood sugar in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. This
effect is attributed to antioxidant and freeradical scavenging property of
Aamala. E.
officinalis also
inhibits the production of advanced glycosylated end products. The serum level
of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, a glycosylated protein is an indicator of oxidative
stress. E.
officinalis significantly
reduces the serum level of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in diabetic rats in a dose
dependent manner. Creatinine is another parameter of oxidative stress. E. officinalis reduces elevated levels of creatinine
in diabetic rats. E.
officinalis also
reduces the lipid peroxidation. E.
officinalis improved
the serum albumin and adeponectin levels. Thus E. officinalis corrects
multi-metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes. [131]
To investigate hypoglycemic effects of leaves of E. officinalis the hydro-methanolic (20:80) extract of
leaves of E.
officinalis Gaertn.
(HMELEO) was prepared. Streptozotocin was
used to induce diabetes in rats. Oral administration of HMELEO to these rats at
100, 200, 300 and 400mg/kg body weight/day for 45 days significantly decreased
fasting blood glucose. The treatment also reduced serum creatinine, urea, SGOT,
SGPT and lipids. [132]
Actions on Urinary System
The fresh fruit of E.
officinalis is
diuretic.
With advancing age the renal function deteriorates as is
evident by rising blood pressure, elevation of serum levels of urea and
creatinine. Oral administration of of ethyl acetate extract of E. officinalis to aged rats (age 13 months) at 10 and
40 mg/kg body weight/ day for 100days reduced the elevated systolic blood
pressure, reduced the elevated levels of urea and creatinine. The extract also
supressed the nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
expression in the aorta of aging rats; decreased the proapoptotic protein.
These effects are due to amelioration of oxidative stress by E. officinalis.
The results suggest that antioxidant activity of E. officinalis is
very useful for the prevention of age-related renal disease. [133]
Intravenous contrast media-induced acute kidney injury
is the common cause of acute kidney injury. Contrast agents induce renal
vasoconstriction followed by renal hypoxia. This is generates free radicals
which further increases the oxidative stress. Renal injury occurs when reactive
oxygen species exceed the antioxidant reserve of renal tissue. E. officinalis contains high concentrations of
antioxidants ascorbic acid, gallic acid and phenolic compounds. Extract of E. officinalis at 250 and 500 mg/kg bodyweight/day
attenuated the severity of pathological damage caused by contrast agents and preserved
the renal function in a dose dependant manner. [134]
Actions on Male Reproductive System
Ochratoxins, natural contaminants of cereals and other
foods, impair spermatogenesis and are known genotoxic carcinogens in rats.
Oral administration of aqueous extract of E. officinalis to experimental mice at 2mg/kg body
weight/day along with ochratoxin for 45 days ameliorated the toxic effects of
ochratoxin in testis of mice. [135]
Organophosphate pesticides are detrimental to male
reproductive system. Chlorpyriphos is a crystalline organophosphate
insecticide. Oral administration of E.
officinalis at
20mg/kg body weight/day for 30 days ameliorated
the toxic effects of chlorpyriphos on male reproductive system of rats as was
evident by increase in body weight, increase in the weight of reproductive
organs, increase in sperm count, improvement in the motility and morphology of
sperms and improvement of testosterone levels. [136]
Actions on Female Reproductive System
The fruit extract of Phyllanthus
emblica (E.
officinalis) exhibits anticancer activitiy against HPV-induced cervical
cancer. This activity is said to be mediated via inhibition of activator
protein AP-1activity and HPV transcription. [137]
Antitumor activity
To evaluate the cytotoxic and apoptotic
effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on laryngeal carcinoma cells (Hep2 cell
line), silver nanoparticle was synthesized by using aqueous extract of Aamalaa
(P. emblica). It was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Average
particle size distribution of Phyllanthus emblica-
silver nanoparticles was found to be 188nm. The shape of nano particle was
cuboid or spherical. Potent biomolecules of P. emblica (E. officinalis) such as polyphenols were capped
with AgNP and reduced their toxicity. The PEAgNP reduced ROS generation,
induced DNA damage and mitochondrial depolarization in cells and caused
apoptosis. Thus the PE-AgNP was found to be cytotoxic to laryngeal cancer
cells. [138]
The aqueous extract of Phyllanthus
emblica (E.
officinalis) exhibits anti- metastatic activity against human fibrosarcoma
cells, HT1080. The extract arrests the growth of cancer cells, reduces cell
proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion in dose and time dependent
manner. A decrease in the expression of both matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)
and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) seems to be the mechanism for
antimetastasis in this case. [139]
The phytochemicals nonsesquiterpenoids, corilagin,
elaeocarpusin and prodelphinidins B1 and B2 found in E. officinalis possess antineoplastic,
radiomodulatory, chemomodulatory, chemoprotective, antimutagenic,
anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Some researchers therefore
feel Aamala (E. officinalis) can be used in the treatment and prevention
of cancer in humans. [140]
Cyclophosphamide is one of the most commonly used
anticancer drugs. It has many toxic side effects. The extract of E. officinalis at 100mg/kg body weight for 10 days
modulated the toxic effects of cyclophosphamide in experiments on rats. It is
suggested that, E.officinalis can be used in combination with
cyclophosphamide to modulate its toxicity. [141]
The extract of Phyllanthus
emblica (E.
officinalis) at 50-100 microgram/mL significantly inhibited cell growth of
human cancer cell lines of lung cancer (A 549), hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep
G2), cervical cancer (HeLa), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), ovarian cancer
(SK-OV3) and colorectal cancer (SW620). The extract brought about apoptosis in
cervical cancer cells. It caused DNA fragmentation, increased activity of
capsase-3/7 and capsase-8, up-regulation of Fas protein. This suggests that the
mechanism of apoptosis is mediated via death-receptor. Further study is
necessary to consider E.
officinalis as
a possible anti-cancer and chemoprotective agent. [142]
Phyllanyhus emblica (E. officinalis) when
administered orally to syngeneic BALB/c mice, enhanced natural killer cells and
antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity bearing Dalton’s lymphoma ascites
tumour. E.
officinalis elicited
two fold increase in splenic natural killer cell activity. It is suggested that
E. officinalis augments natural cell mediated cytotoxicity. [143]
Culinary uses
The berries are
eaten fresh, dried or stewed. The berry is usually taken in the form of an herb
or jelly. The berries are also used as pickles and condiments.
The berries are used to prepare a refreshing, delicious
drink.
In India, it is common to eat gooseberries steeped in
salt water and turmeric to make the sour fruits palatable.
Medicinal Actions and uses
Traditional usages
It is used in PUOs
It is used in constipation, colic, hyperacidity and
irritable bowel syndrome (IBD)
It is used in bronchitis, phthisis (tuberculosis) and
asthma.
It is said to purify (detoxicate) the blood and hence
used in anemia, skin diseases, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis.
It is used for the elderly in cases of confusion, senile
dementia, amnesia (yin tonic) and even in some mental disorders.
Above all, it is used as a rejuvenator and disease
modifier (Rasaayana) to promote disease free longevity.
In Chinese medicine the roots are used as a
purgative.
Ayurvedic Uses
Jwara (fever, PUO)
Shosha (cachexia),
Kshatakshaya (debility following trauma)
Shrama and
Anga-awasaada (fatigue)
Shiroroga (disease related to head,
headache, migraine)
Waata-wyaadhi (neuralgia, neuro-muscular,
musculoskeletal disorders)
Smritibhransha-
Buddhibhransh (loss of memory-to promote intellectual function, ?Alzheimer’ s disease )
Bhagna (fractures)
Swarabhagna (hoarseness of voice)
Pratishyaaya (rhinitis, nasal allergy)
Timiraroga (cataract)
Kaasa/Kapha
Praseka/Shwaasa/Tamaka shwaasa (cough and dyspnea, status
asthmaticus)
Hridroga (cardiac disorders),
Shopha-Shotha (edema, inflammatory edema)
Pandu (anemia)
Trishnaa,
Pipaasaa (polydipsia)
Prameha (diabetes)
Raktapitta (bleeding disorder, gout)
Aadhmaana (flatulence)
Aruchi-
Amlapitta (dyspepsia, hyperacidity, acid-peptic disorder, peptic ulcer)
Paktishoola-
Parinaamashoola (duodenal ulcer, intestinal colic)
Hikkaa (hiccup)
Vaman,
Chhardee(emesis-vomiting,
morning sickness)
Vibandha,
Baddhakoshtha (constipation)
Krimi (worms)
Arsha (fissures in ano, piles)
Kaamalaa (jaundice)
Yakrit-Pleeha
Roga (hepato-splenomegaly, portal hypertension)
Pittaroga (allergic disorders)
Kushtha (leprosy)
Twakroga (skin diseases)
Waiwarny(disorders of skin pigmentation-?
leukoderma)
Mootrakrichcha (dysuria)
Mootragraha (retention of urine)
Klaibya (impotence, ED)
Retodosha (seminal disorders,
spermatorrhea)
Yonisraawa (vaginal discharges)
Pradara (menorrhagia, leucorrhea)
Gulma (tumors)
Swabhaawa-
wyaadhi (genetic disorders, familial disorders) [144], [145]
The West now is embracing more and more medicinal
practices of the East. The Chopra Center for Wellbeing, founded by Dr. Deepak
Chopra and Dr. David Simon, has been recommending a daily dose of Aamalaa for
more than a decade.
Uses in Modern Medicine
It is used for viral hepatitis, drug induced/ toxic
chemical induced hepatitis, NASH (Non-Alcoholic-Steato-Hepatitis) now known as
NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease), alcohol induced liver damage,
dyspepsia, loss of appetite and as a palliative therapy for ascites
has been processed in Aamalakee (Phyllanthus emblica, Emblica officinalis)
Preparations and Doses
Swaras: (Juice)
10-20 ml
Choorna: (Dried
power) 3-6 Gm.
The Aamalakee fruit requires a meticulous processing at
low temperature to maintain potency of the vitamins and minerals.
The processing method makes the Aamalaa-Berry tablets
many times more powerful than the parent fruit or fruit powder, without
destroying any of its delicate qualities.
While it may be new to the modern medical
community, the fruit was the main ingredient in an ancient wonder jelly called
Chyawanapraasha that not only improved physical and mental health but also was
used primarily as a rejuvenator and invigorator.
Today an ancient drink is reborn in Zrii. Zrii is
the first product to receive an endorsement from The Chopra Center for
Wellbeing.
Today, Aamalakee is available in powder or tablet form
and liquid nutritional supplements such as Zrii.
Chyawanapraasha is a world famous Ayurvedic preparation.
Dose: 15
-30 grams daily
Braahma Rasaayana 1
and 2
Dose: Same
as Chyawanapraasha
Aamalakee Rasaayana Dose: Same as Chyawanapraasha
Aamalaka Ghruta
Aamalakee Awaleha Dose: Same as Chyawanapraasha
Dhaatree Louha
Bruhatdhaatree Ghruta
Mahaatikta Ghruta
Aamalakee Taila: For external use only; as hair oil
Aamalakee is specialy recommended for diet in Kutipraaweshika Rasaayana
and Waatataapic Rasaayana
Amala supari (masticatory
chew)
Amala candy
Amala choorna
Amala juice.
Research highlights:
1. The extracts of Aamalakee and Chyavanaprasha have been
shown to exhibit hepatoprotective properties. In a carbon tetrachloride induced
liver injury model in rats, these herbal extracts were found to inhibit the
hepatotoxicity produced by acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride
administration. The herbs promoted decreased levels of serum and liver lipid
peroxides, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. In
addition, the extracts were found to reduce elevated levels of
collagen-hydroxyproline significantly, indicating that the extract can inhibit
the induction of fibrosis. The tannoid complexes (emblicanin A [37%], emblicanin
B [33%], punigluconin [12%)] and pedunculagin [14%]) are reported to exhibit
antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo, and were found to inhibit acute iron
overload hepatic lipid peroxidation.
2. The butanol extract of the water fraction of the
Aamalakee fruits, orally administered to rats for 10 consecutive days, was
found to enhance the secretion of gastric mucus and hexosamine in the
indomethacin-induced ulceration of rats. This extract was also shown to have a
protective effect on the stomach wall. The antioxidant activity appears to be
predominantly responsible for this cytoprotective action of the herb.
3. The Aamalakee extract was recently shown to inhibit
genotoxicity in mice.
4. The tannin compounds found in Aamalakee fruit were tested
for their effects of three important free radical scavenging enzymes in rat
brain. Levels of all three increased, and there was a parallel decrease of
oxidative stress.
5. Daily administration of an aqueous extract of E. officinalis has been shown to significantly reduce
the cytotoxic effects of sodium arsenite when administered orally in
experimental animals, while another study confirmed that the Aamalakee fruit
strengthened bodily defense mechanisms against stress-induced free radical
damage. Researchers report that Aamalakee appears to cause an increase in the
ability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins, which are essential to
a host of important regulatory health functions.
6. Aamalakee may also possess cancer-fighting properties,
as illustrated by several studies. Extracts of three Aayurvedic herbs,
Aamalakee fruit, Bhumyaamalaki (Phyllanthus amarus) and Katuki rhizome (Picrorrhiza
kurroa) significantly inhibited the ability of carcinogenic chemicals to
induce liver cancer in experimental animal models. Without the herbs, the
incidence of tumors was 100%.
7. The dietary supplementation of Aamalakee fruit in mice
significantly reduced the cytotoxic effects of a known carcinogen (3, 4-benzo
(a) pyrene).
8. Studies have indicated the ability of the Aamalakee
fruit to protect against elevated cholesterol levels and the resultant arterial
damage. The fresh juice reduced the atherosclerotic effects of a high-fat,
high-cholesterol diet in rabbits, as illustrated by the regression of aortic
plaques. Although an earlier human study also showed a decrease in cholesterol
with Aamalakee, a later study observed that within two weeks after
discontinuing Aamalakee fruit, cholesterol levels rose again. The three fruits
that comprise Triphalaa were shown to lower cholesterol significantly, although
Vibhitaka fruit (Terminalia belerica) proved slightly stronger than
Aamalakee.
9. Supporting its traditional designation as a “cooling”
herb, Aamalakee was found to be anti-inflammatory in carrageenan and
dextran-induced rat paw edema.
Composition of Chyawanapraasha (Version-1)
Composition of Chyawanapraasha awaleha:
Each 100 grams of Chyawanprash is prepared from:
Botanical Name and Quantity in grams
Angel
marmelos 0.398
Premma integrifolia
0.398
Oroxylum
indicum 0.398
Stereospermum
suaveolens 0.398
Desmodium
giganticum 0.398
Teramnus
labialis 0.398
Solamum indicum 0.398
Solnum
xanthocarpum 0.398
Tribulux
terrestris 0.398
Gmelina
arborea 0.398
Sida
cordifolia 0.398
Phaseolus
trilabus 0.398
Teramnus
labialis 0.398
Pistacia
intergerima 0.398
Phyllanthus
ninuri 0.398
Leptudenia
reticulata 0.398
Saussurea
lappa 0.398
Aquillaria
agallocha
0.398
Terminalia
chebula 0.398
Tinospora
cordifolia 0.398
Curcuma
zedoaria 0.398
Cyperus
rotundus 0.398
Boerhaavia diffusa 0.398
Nymphoea
stellata 0.398
Adhatoda
vasica 0.398
Glycirrhiza
glabra 0.398
Martynia
diandra 0.398
Dioscorea
bulbifera 0.796
Withamia
somnifera 0.796
Asparagus
racemosus 0.796
Ipomoea
digitata 1.195
Composition of Chyawanapraasha (Domestic version)
1. Bael (Bilwa)
2. Aranee (Agnimantha)
3. Kantakaaree
4. Kaakadashingee (Karkatashrungee)
5. Bhuee aawalaa (Bhoomyaamalakee)
6. Jeewantee (Kaakolee)
7. Pushkaramoola
8. Gulawela (Guduchee)
9. Ruddhi
10. Rushabhaka
11. Jeewaka
12. Kachoora, Narakachoora (Karchoora)
13. Mothaa
14. Punarnawaa
15. Medaa
16. Raktachandana
17. neelakamala
18. Widaareekanda
19. Adulasaa (Waasaa, Wasaakaa)
20. Wanshalochana
21. Daalacheenee
22. Jyeshthamadha
23. Naagakesara
24. Arjuna
25. Shankhapushpee
26. Brahmee
27. Maakaa (Bhrungaraaja)
28. Jyotishmatee
29. Balaa
30. Ashwagandhaa
31. Shataawaree
32. Wekhanda (Wachaa)
33. Shyaalaparnee
34. Prushniparnee
35. Pimpalee
36. Suntha (Shunthee)
37. Miree (Mareechee)
38. Aawalaa (Aamalakee)
References :
1.www.gits4you.com/agri/agri5e.htm (Aamla-Indian
gooseberry)
4. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India part I Volume I
5. M. M. P. N. D. sorting;
6.
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/sorting/Phyllanthus.html
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica
8. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India part I Volume I
9. Google images
10. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India part I Volume I
11.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica
12.
https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/parmar/07.html
13. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India part I Volume I
15. The
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India part I Volume I
16. https://www.ayurtimes.com/amla-amalaki-indian-gooseberry-emblica-officinalis-phyllanthus-emblica
17. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India part I Volume I
18.
http://www.ipc.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/admin9640017989.pdf
19. Chromosome Count Data Base, http://ccdb.tau.ac.il/Angiosperms
20. Rane AA et al, RAPD marker assay based genetic
diversity in aonla (Emblica officinalis L.), Life Sciences: International
Journal of Current Research, ISSN 0975-833X, www.journalcra.com
21. Dnyaneshwar W, Preeti C, Kalpana J, Bhushan P;
Development and application of RAPD-SCAR marker for identification of
Phyllanthus emblica L. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 2313-6
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